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武汉大学研究生英语课文原文 Gender,poverty and environment

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Gender,PovertyandEnvironment

Genderisrarelyconsideredasamainstreamissueinenvironmentalpoliciesandprogrammers.However,abetterunderstandingofthedifferentprioritiesandperceptionsofmenandwomencanbeusedtomaximizepolicyeffectiveness.
1.Inmanypartsoftheworld,womentendtobethepoorestofthepoorinaveryliteralsense.Inadditiontobeingthemajorityamongthepoor,theyareoftendeniedthemostbasicrightsandaccesstocriticalresourcessuchasland,inheritanceorcredit.Theirlabourandknowledgeareundervalued.Theirneedsareoftenoverlooked.Theyaremorevulnerabletodiseaseanddisastersandthesituationismadeworsebytheirpoverty.Culturalandsocialnormssometimescomplicatemattersfurtherbyplacingadditionalexpectations,restrictionsandlimitationsonwomen.Gendergapsarewidespread,andinnoregionoftheworldarewomenequaltomeninlegal,socialandeconomicrights.
2.Thesynergiesbetweenthegoalsofgenderequity,povertyalleviationand
environmentalsustainabilityareexploredbelowintermsofaddressing
povertyamongwomen--includingenergyandwaterpoverty,health,climatechange,naturaldisastersandcreatingsustainablelivelihoodsbyempoweringwomenintherealmsofagriculture,forestandbiodiversitymanagement.3.Energy,environmentandgender
Thesynergiesbetweengender,environmentandtheenergysectorwerefirstrecognizedinrelationtobiomassenergy.Womenwererecognizedasusersandcollectorsoffuelwood,andasvictimsofenvironmentaldeteriorationthatcausedenergyscarcity.
4.Thesurveyshaveshownthatwomenspendlonghoursinfuelcollection.Theburdenincreasesasdeforestationworsens,andthisaffectsthetime

availabletowomenforotheractivitiesincludingincome-generatingactivities,educationandparticipationindecisionmaking.InSudan,forinstance,deforestationinthelastdecadeledtoaquadruplingofthetimewomenspentgatheringfuelwood.Thisstimulatedeffortstopromoteafforestationanddesignmorefuel-efficientstoves.Fundingpeteredout,however,whentheimprovedstovesandforestryprojectswerenotassuccessfulasanticipated.
5.Attentiontobiomassenergyanditsimpactonwomen'sliveshasrecentlyrevived.Indoorairpollution,mainlyfromwoodfuelsmoke,rankedasthefourthlargesthealthproblemindevelopingcountries.Itisestimatedtokill2millionwomenandchildrenindevelopingcountrieseveryyearandalsocausesrespiratoryandeyediseases.Therearedifferencesinexposureaccordingtoageandeconomicstatus,andinsomecultureswomentendtoundervaluetheirownhealth,leadingtounder-reportingofproblems.6.Inmanydevelopingcountries,communallandsremainacrucialsourceofbiomassenergy,yetprivatizationoftheselandscontinuesapace--reducingfreeaccesstofuelwood,andremovingyetanotherwherecooperativedecisionscouldbemadeonsustainablemanagementoffuelwoodsources.7.Indevelopedcountries,thelinksbetweengender,environmentandenergyhavebeenexploredmainlyintheareasofequalopportunityintheenergyprofessions,decisionmakinginenergypolicy,pollutionandhealth,preferencesforenergyproductionsystems,accesstoscientificandtechnologicaleducationandthedivisionoflabourinthehome.8.Climatechangeandgender
Climatechangeispredictedtocausedisplacementofpopulationsduetosealevelrise.Inmanypartsofthedevelopingworlditisexpectedtoincreasewaterscarcity,toincreasethediseaseburden,tonegativelyimpactagriculture,andtocausemorefrequentextremeweatherevents.Theeffectsofclimatechangeandadaptivecapacityareverylikelytodifferbygender,becauseofthestrongrelationshipbetweenpovertyand

vulnerability,andthefactthatwomenasagrouparepoorerandlesspowerfulthanmen.
9.Thepotentialvalueofgenderasafactorindecidingonpoliciesandprogrammestoreducegreenhousegasemissionshasreceivedevenlessattention.Forexample,asusersofhouseholdenergy,womencanplayakeyroleinenergyconservation,aswellasinpromotingrenewableenergytechnologies.
10.Bothsexesmakedecisionsabouttheformsoftransporttheyuseandhowfrequentlytheytravel,andtherearegenderdifferencesinthechoicestheymake.Indevelopedcountries,forexample,womentendtousepublictransportmorethanmen.11.Landtenureandagriculture

Despitewomen'skeyroleinagriculture,mostoftheworld’swomendonotequallyown,inheritorcontrollandandotherproperty.Discriminatoryinheritanceandpropertyownershiplawsrestrictwomen'sabilitytoensurelong-termfoodsecurityforthefamily,andtogetloansusinglandascollateral.Theyalsohaveimportantconsequencesforsoilandlandmanagement--itiswidelyacknowledgedthatownersoflandtakemorecaretoensuresoilconservation.Improvedaccesstoagriculturalsupportsystems,includingcredit,technology,education,transport,extensionandmarketingservices,isessentialtoimprovingagriculturalproductivityandpromotingenvironmentallysustainablepractices--yetoftenwomenhavenoaccesstotheseservices.
12.Thedivisionoflabourbetweenmenandwomeninagriculturalproductionvariesconsiderablybetweencultures.However,asabroadgeneralization,Itisusuallymenwhoareresponsibleforlarge-scalecashcropping,especiallywhenitishighlymechanized,whilewomentakecareofhouseholdfoodproductionandsomesmall-scale,lowtechnologycultivationofcashcrops.Thishasimportantimplicationsforbiodiversity.Gender-differentiatedlocalknowledgesystemsplayadecisiverolein

conserving,managing