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    2018年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案

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    2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题
    试卷一(PaperOne
    PartIListeningComprehension(30%
    SectionA
    Directions:Inthissectionyouwillhearfifteenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearaquestionaboutwhatissaid.Thequestionwillbereadonlyonce,afteryouhearthequestion,readthefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswersandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.Listentothefollowingexample.Youwillhear:
    Woman:Ifeelfaint.
    Man:NowonderYouhaven’thadabiteallday.Question:What’sthematterwiththewoman?
    Youwillread:
    A.Sheissick.B.Sheisbittenbyanant.C.Sheishungry.D.Shespilledherpaint.
    HereCistherightanswer.
    SampleAnswer
    AB●D
    Nowlet’sbeginwithquestionNumber1.
    1.A.OncampusB.Athedentist’s
    C.AtthepharmacyD.Inthelaboratory2.A.PainB.WeaknessC.FatigueD.Headache3.A.Theirweirdbehavioratschool.
    B.Theirsuperiorclevernessoverothers’.C.Theirtendencytohavelearningdifficulty.D.Theirreluctancetoswitchtorighthandedness.4.A.Johnwillbeangry.B.Johnwillbedisappointed.C.Johnwillbeattracted.D.Johnwillbefrightened.5.A.They’requitenormal.B.They’renotavailable.
    C.Theycameunexpected.D.Theyneedfurtherexplanation.6.A.HeknowssolittleaboutLadyGaga
    B.HehasmetLadyGagabefore.C.HeshouldhaveknownLadyGagaD.HeisabigfanofLadyGaga.7.A.Intheward.B.Overthephone.

    C.Intheemergencyroom.D.Ontheirwaytothehospital8.A.HealthcareB.Healthreform
    C.HealtheducationD.Healthmaintenance9.A.Learningtoactintuitively.
    B.Learningtoargueacademically.C.Learningtobecriticalofoneself.D.Learningtothinkcriticallyandreason10.A.Sheisapharmacist.B.Sheisamedicaldoctor.
    C.Sheisascientistinrobotics.D.Sheisapharmacologist.11.A.She’spessimisticaboutthefuture.
    B.She’spessimisticaboutthefarfuture.C.She’soptimisticaboutthefarfuture.D.She’soptimisticaboutthenearfuture.12.A.Negligencemayputapatientindanger.
    B.Patientsmustlistentodoctorsandnurses.C.Qualifieddoctorsandnursesareinbadneed.
    D.Patientsshouldbecarefulaboutchoosingtherighthospital.13.A.ThemanworksatehER.
    B.Themancandonothingbutwait.C.Thewoman’sconditioniscritical.D.Thewomanisacapableparamedic.14.A.Agynecologist.B.ApsychologistC.Aneurologist.D.Anephrologist.15.A.Shehasonlyonefriend.
    B.Sheisolatesherselffromothers.C.Shesuffersfromachronicdisease.D.Sheisjoblessandcan’tfindajob.SectionB
    Directions:Inthissectionyouwillhearoneconversationandtwopassages,aftereachofwhich,youwillhearfivequestions.Aftereachquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.Dialogue
    Questions16-20arebasedonthefollowingdialogue.16.A.Becauseshecouldn’tdootherjobswell.
    B.Becauseitwasherdreamsincechildhood.
    C.Becauseshewasfedupwithallherpreviousjobs.
    D.Becausetwoprofessorsfoundtalentinherandinspiredhertodoit.17.A.TheSelf/NonselfModelB.TheDangerModelC.ThevaccinationtheoryD.Theimmunologicaltheory
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    18.A.BeingoveractiveB.BeingmutantC.BeingselectiveD.Beingresistant19.A.Itcanhelpcuremostcancers.
    B.Itcanhelpdevelopnewdrugs.C.Itcanhelpmostgeneticdiseases.
    D.Itcanhelpchangethenatureofmedicine.20.A.Weshouldignoretheresistance.
    B.Weshouldhavethemodelimproved.
    C.Weshouldhavetheexperimentsonanimals.D.Weshouldmovefromanimalstohuman.PassageOne
    21.A.Theprofitsformmedicaltourism.
    B.Thetrendyphenomenonofmedicaltourism.C.Thesoaringhealthcarecostsaroundtheword.D.Thestepstotakeindevelopingmedicaltourism22.A.AffordablecostsB.Lowpaceofliving
    C.Five-startreatmentD.Enjoyablehealthvacation23.A.Itisa$100billionbusinessalready.
    B.Itisgrowingalongwithmedicaltourism.
    C.Itscostsareskyrocketingwithmedicaltourism.
    D.Itoffersmoremedicaloptionsthanwesternmedicine.24.A.Tosetupawebsiteforbloggingaboutmedicaltourism.
    B.Tomodifyourlifestylesandhealthbehaviors.C.Tobuyandaffordablemedicalinsurance.D.Toexploreonlinetogetwellinformed.25.A.Atravelbrochure.
    B.Alectureonmedicaltourism.C.Achapterofamedicaltextbook.D.Awebpagepromotionalmaterial.PassageTwo
    Questions26-30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.26.A.Songsparrowstakegoodcareoftheirbabies.
    B.Youngsongsparrowsbacktheskillsandexperienceoftheirparents.C.Therearedifferentkindofsongsparrowsindifferentseasons.D.Youngandoldsongsparrowsexperienceclimatechangedifferent.27.A.InthewarmerspringB.Inthehottestsummer
    C.InthecoolestautumnD.Inthecoldestwinter28.A.Becausetheylacktheskillandexperiencetofindfood.
    B.Becausetheyhavenotdevelopedastrongbodyyet.
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    C.Becausetheycannotenduretheunusualheat.D.Becausetheycannotfindenoughfood.
    29.A.Theyarelesssensitivetotheeffectofclimatechangethankstotheirparents.
    B.Theyarequicktodevelopstrongbodiestoencounterclimatechange.C.Theyexperiencefoodinsufficiencyduetoclimatechange.D.Theyareassensitivetoclimatechangeasthejuveniles.30.A.BodysizeB.Migrationroute
    C.FoodpreferenceD.Populationgrowth
    PartⅡVocabulary(10%
    SectionA
    Directions:Inthissection,allthesentencesareincomplete.FourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandDaregivenbeneatheachofthem.Youaretochoosethewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence,thenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.
    31.Themedicalteamdiscussedtheirshared____toeliminatingthiscurabledisease.
    A.obedienceB.susceptibilityC.inclinationD.dedication
    32.Manyofusaretaughtfromanearlyagethatthegrown-upresponsetopain,weakness,oremotional_____istoignoreit,totoughitout.
    A.TurmoilB.rebellionC.temptationD.relaxation
    33.Thosedepressedkidsseemtocarelittleaboutothers,____communicationandindulgeintheirownworlds.
    A.putdownB.shutdownC.settledownD.breakdown
    34.Theschoolboardattachedgreatemphasisto____instudentsasenseofmodestyandasenseofcommunity.
    A.dilutingB.inspectingC.instillingD.disillusioning35.Ourbrainisverygoodatfilteringoutsensoryinformationthatisnot______towhatweneedtobeattendingto.
    A.pertinentB.permanentC.precedentD.prominent
    36.Newstudieshavefoundarather____correlationbetweenthepresenceofsmallparticlesandbothobesityanddiabetes.
    A.collaboratingB.comprehendingC.compromisingD.convincing37.Wemusttestour____aboutwhattoincludeintheemulationandatwhatlevelatdetail.
    A.intelligenceB.imitationsC.hypothesisD.precautions.
    38.Wemust____theproblem____,whichiswhyourmapcombinesbothbrainstructureandfunctionmeasurementsatlargescaleandhighresolution.
    A.set...backB.take...overC.pull...inD.break...down39.Asthmapatientdoesn’tneedcontinuoustreatmentbecausehissymptomsarerather____thanpersistent.
    A.intermittentB.precedentC.dominantD.prevalent
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    40.Itissimplyafantasticimaginationto_____thatonecanmasteraforeignlanguageovernight.
    A.conceiveB.concealC.convertD.conformSectionB
    Directions:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasawordorphraseunderlined.Therearefourwordsorphrasesbeneatheachsentence.Choosethewordorphrasewhichcanbestkeepthemeaningoftheoriginalsentenceifitissubstitutedfortheunderlinedpart.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.
    41.Thetrulycompetentphysicianistheonewhositsdown,sensesthe“mystery”ofanotherhumanbeings,andoftenthesimplegiftsofpersonalinterestandunderstanding.
    A.imaginableB.capableC.sensibleD.humble42.Thephysicianoftenperceivedthattreatmentwasinitiatedbythepatient.
    A.conservedB.theorizedC.realizedD.persisted
    43.Largecommunitymealsmighthaveservedtolubricatesocialconnectionsandalleviatedtensions.
    A.facilitateB.intimidateC.terminateD.mediate
    44.CatalaseactivityreducedglutathioneandVitaminElevelsweredecreasedexclusivelyinsubjectswithactivedisease.
    A.definitelyB.trulyC.simplyD.solely
    45.Ocularanomalieswerefrequentlyobservedinthiscohortofoffspringbornafterinvitrofertilization.
    A.FetusesB.descendantsC.seedsD.orphans
    46.Childhoodpovertyshouldberegardedasthesinglegreatestpublichealthmenacefacingourchildren.
    A.breachB.griefC.threatD.abuse
    47.Adistantdreamwouldbetodeliberatelysetoffquakestoreleasetectonicstressinacontrolledway.
    A.definitelyB.desperatelyC.intentionallyD.identically48.Bigchallengesstillawaitcompaniesconvertingcarbondioxidetopetrol.
    A.applyingB.relatingC.relayingD.transforming49.Concernhaverecentlybeenvoicedthatthedrugselicitunexpectedcognitivesideeffects,suchasmemoryloss,fuzzythinkingandlearningdifficulties.
    A.ensueB.encounterC.impedeD.induce
    50.AleafbeforetheeyeshutsoutMountTai,whichmeanshavingone’sviewoftheimportantovershadowedbythetrivial.
    A.insignificantB.insufficientC.substantialD.unexpected
    PartⅢCloze(10%
    Directions:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtennumberedblanks.Foreachblank,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandDontherightside.Choosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyour
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    choiceontheANSWERSHEIET.
    ThesamebenefitsanddrawbacksarefoundwhenusingCTscanningtodetectlungcancer—thethree-dimensionalimaging,improvedetectionofdiseasebutcreateshundredsofimagesthatincreasearadiologist’sworkload,which,51,canresultinmissedpositivescans.
    ResearchersatUniversityofChicagoPritizkerSchoolofMedicinepresented52dataonaCAD(computer-aideddiagnosisprogramthey’vedesignedthathelpsradiologistspotlungcancer53CTscanning.Theirstudywas54bytheNIHandtheuniversity.
    Inthestudy,CADwasappliedto32low-doseCTscanningwithatotalof50lungnodules,38ofwhichwerebiopsy-confirmedlungcancerthatwerenotfoundduringinitialclinicalexam.55the38missedcancers,15weretheresultofinterpretationerror(identifyinganimagebut56itasnoncancerousand2357observationalerror(notidentifyingthecancerousimage.
    CADfound32ofthe38previouslymissedcancers(84%sensitivity,withfalse-positive58of1.6persection.
    AlthoughCADimproveddetectionoflungcancer,itwon’treplaceradiologists,saidSgmuelGArmato,PhD,leadauthorofthestudy.”Thecomputerisnotperfect,”Armatosaid.”Itwillmisssomecancersandcallsomethingscancerthat59.Theradiologistscanidentifynormalanatomythatthecomputermay60somethingsuspicious.It’saspell-checkerofsorts,orasecondopinion.51.A.incommonB.inturnC.inoneD.inall52.A.preliminaryB.considerateC.deliberateD.ordinary53.A.beingusedB.touseC.usingD.use54.A.investigatedB.originatedC.foundedD.funded55.A.FromB.AmidC.OfD.In56.A.disseminatingB.degeneratingC.dismissingD.deceiving57.A.weremistakenforB.wereattributedtoC.resultinD.gaveawayto58.A.mortalitiesB.incidencesC.imagesD.rates59.A.don’tB.won’tC.aren’tD.wasn’t60.A.standforB.searchforC.accountforD.mistakefor
    PartⅣReadingComprehension(30%
    Directions:Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.PassageOne
    WhenTonyWagner,theHarvardeducationspecialist,describeshisjobtoday,hesayshe’s“atranslatorbetweentwohostiletribes”—theeducationworldandthebusinessworld,thepeoplewhoteachourkidsandthepeoplewhogivethemjobs.Wagner’sargumentinhisbook“CreatingInnovations:TheMakingofYoungPeopleWhoWillChangetheWorld”isthatourK-12andcollegetracksarenotconsistently“addingthevalueandteachingtheskillsthatmattermostinthe
    6/17

    marketplace.”
    Thisisdangerousatatimewhenthereisincreasinglytosuchthingsasahigh-wage,middle-skilledjob—thethingthatsustainedthemiddleclassinthelastgeneration.Now,thereisonlyahigh-wage,high-skilledjob.Everymiddle-classjobtodayisbeingpulledup,outordownfasterthanever.Thatis,iteitherrequiresmoreskillorcanbedonebymorepeoplearoundtheworldorisbeingburiedmadeobsoletefasterthanever.Whichiswhythegoalofeducationtoday,arguesWagner,shouldnotbetomakeeverychild“collegeready”but“innovationready”—readytoaddvaluetowhatevertheydo.
    Thatisatalltask.ItrackedWagnerdownandaskedhimtoelaborate.“Today,”hesaidviae-mail,”becauseknowledgeisavailableoneveryInternet-connecteddevice,whatyouknowmattersfarlessthanwhatyoucandowithwhatyouknow.Thecapacitytoinnovate—theabilitytosolveproblemscreativelyorbringnewpossibilitiestolifeandskillslikecriticalthinking，communicationandcollaborationarefarmoreimportantthanacademicknowledge.Asoneexecutivetoldme,“Wecanteachnewhiresthecontent.Andwewillhavetobecauseitcontinuestochange,butwecan’tteachthemhowtothink—toasktherightquestions—andtotakeinitiative.”
    Mygenerationhaditeasy.Wegotto“find”ajob.But,morethanever,ourkidswillhaveto“invent”ajob.Sure,theluckyoneswillfindtheirfirstjob,but,giventhepaceofchangetoday,eventheywillhavetoreinvent,re-engineerandreimaginethatjobmuchoftenthantheirparentsiftheywanttoadvanceinit.
    “Finlandisoneofthemostinnovativeeconomicsintheworld,”Wagnersaid,”anditistheonlycountrywherestudentsleavehighschool‘innovation-ready.’Theylearnconceptsandcreativitymorethanfacts,andhaveachoiceofmanyelective—allwithashorterschoolday,littlehomework,andalmostnotesting.Thereareagrowingnumberof“reinvented”collegesliketheOlinCollegeofEngineering,theM.I.T.MediaLabandthe“D-school”Stanfordwherestudentslearntoinnovate.”61.Inhisbook,Wagnerarguesthat_____.
    A.theeducationworldishostiletoourkids
    B.thebusinessworldishostiletothoseseekingjobs
    C.thebusinessworldistoodemandingontheeducationworldD.theeducationworldshouldteachwhatthemarketplacedemands62.Whatdoesthe“talltask”refertointhethirdparagraph?
    A.Sustainingthemiddleclass.
    B.Savinghigh-wage,middle-skilledjobs.
    C.Shiftingfrom“collegeready”in“innovationready.”
    D.Preventingmiddle-classjobsfrombecomingobsoletefast.63.WhatismainlyexpressedinWagner’se-mail?
    A.Newhiresshouldbetaughtthecontentratherthanthewaysofthinking.B.KnowledgeismorereadilyavailableonInternet-connecteddevices.C.Academicknowledgeisstillthemostimportanttoteach.D.Creativityandskillsmattermorethanknowledge.
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    64.Whatisimpliedinthefourthparagraph?
    A.Jobsfavortheluckyonesineverygeneration.B.Jobschangedslowlyintheauthor’sgeneration.
    C.Theauthor’sgenerationledaneasierlifethantheirkids.D.Itwaseasyfortheauthor’sgenerationtofindtheirfirstjob.65.Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?
    A.toorientfutureeducation
    B.toexemplifythenecessaryshiftineducationC.todrawaconclusionabouttheshiftineducation
    D.tocriticizesomecollegesfortheirpracticesineducationPassageTwo
    Bytheendofthiscentury,theaverageworldtemperatureisexpectedtoincreasebetweenoneandfourdegrees,withwidespreadeffectsonrainfall,sealevelsandanimalhabitats.ButintheArctic,wheretheeffectsofclimatechangearemostintense,theriseintemperaturecouldbetwiceasmuch.
    UnderstandinghowArcticwarmingwillaffectthepeople,animals,plantandmarinelifeandeconomicactivityinCanada’sNorthareimportanttothecountry’sfuture,saysKentMoore,andatmosphericphysicistatUniversityofTorontoMississaugawhoisparticipatinginalong-term,internationalstudyofthemarineecosystemalongtheBeaufortSea,fromAlaskatotheMackenziedelta.
    Thestudywilladdtoourknowledgeofeverythingfromtheextentofseaiceintheregiontohowfishstockswillchangetowhichareascouldbecometargetsforoilandgasexplorationtotheimpactontheindigenouspeoplewhocallthispartofthecountryhome.
    Moore,whohasworkedintheArcticformorethan20years,sayshisresearchhasalreadyfoundthatthinningseaiceandchangesinwindpatternsarecausinganimportantchangeinthemarinefoodchain:phytoplankton（浮游植物）isbloomingtwotothreeweeksearlier.ManyanimalstimetheirannualmigrationtotheArcticforwhenfoodisplentiful,andhavenotadaptedtotheearlierbloom.“Animalbehaviorcanevolveoveralongtime,buttheseclimatechangesarehappeninginthespaceofadecade,ratherthanhundredsofyears,”saysMoore,“Animalscan’tchangetheirbehaviorthatquickly.”
    AwarmerArcticisexpectedtohaveimportanteffectsonhumanactivityintheregion,astheNorthwestPassagebecomesnavigableduringthesummer,andresourceextractionbecomesmorefeasible.Informationgainedfromthestudywillhelpgovernment,industryandcommunitiesmakedecisionsaboutresourcemanagement,economicdevelopmentandenvironmentalprotection.
    Mooresaysthestudy—whichinvolvesCanadian,AmericanandEuropeanresearchersandgovernmentagencies—willalsouseanoveltechnologytogatheratmosphericdata:remotelypiloteddrones.“Thedroneshavethecapabilityofalargeresearchaircraft,andthey’reeasiertodeploy,”hesays,showingtheresearcherstogatherinformationonamoreregularbasisthantheywouldbeabletowithpilotedaircraft.
    66.Bytheendofthiscentury,accordingtotheauthor,globalwarmingwill_____.
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    A.starttobringaboutextremeweathereventstohumansandanimalsB.increasetheaverageworldtemperaturebyfourdegreesC.causemoredamagestothewholeworldthanexpectedD.affecttheArcticmorethananyotherpartsoftheearth
    67.TohelpunderstandthedestructivemechanismofArcticwarming,asindicatedbythepassage,theinternationalstudy____.
    A.isconductedwitheverysingledisciplineofUniversityofTorontoB.pioneersinpursuingthewidespreadeffectsofclimatechange.C.involvessomanycountriesfordifferentinvestigationsD.isintendedtodealwithvariousaspectsinresearch
    68.Whenhesays,“Animalscan’tchangetheirbehaviorthatquickly,”whatdoesMooremeanbythatquick?
    A.ThemigrationoftheanimalstotheArctic.B.Thewidespreadeffectsofglobalwarming.C.TherateoftheclimatechangeintheArctic.D.Thephytoplanktonwithinthemarineecosystem.
    69.Accordingtotheauthor,tocarryoutproperhumanactivitiesintheArctic_____.
    A.becomesmoredifficultthaneverbefore.
    B.islikelytobuildanoveleconomyintheregion.C.willsurelylowertheaverageworldtemperature.D.needstheresearch-basedsupportinginformation.
    70.Withthedronesdeployed,asMoorepredicts,theresearcherswill_____.
    A.involvemorecollaboratingcountriesthantheydonow.B.getmoredatatoberequiredfortheirresearch.C.usemorenoveltechnologiesinresearch.D.conducttheirresearchataregularbasis.PassageThree
    Skilledclinicalhistory-takingandphysicalexaminationremainessentialasthebasisofthediseasediagnosisandmanagement,aidedbyinvestigationssuchasradiologicalorbiochemicaltests.Technologicaladvancesoverthepastfewdecadesmeanthatsuchinvestigationsnowcanberefined,orevenreplacedinsomecases,bythemeasurementofgeneticorgenomicbiomarkers.Themolecularcharacteristicsofadisorderorthegeneticmake-upofanindividualcanfinetuneadiagnosisandinformitsmanagement.Thesenewcapabilities,oftentermed“stratified（分层的）”or“personalized”medicine,arelikelytohaveprofoundeffectonthepracticeofmedicineandservicedelivery.
    Geneticmedicine,whichusesgeneticorgenomicbiomarkersinthisway,has,untilrecently,beentheprovinceofasmallminorityofspecializedphysicianswhohaveusedittodiagnoseorassessriskofinheriteddisease.Recognitionthatmostdiseasehasageneticcomponent,thedevelopmentandapplicationofnewgeneticteststoidentifyimportantdiseasesubsetsandtheavailabilityofcost-9/17

    effectiveinterventionsmeanthatgeneticmedicinemustbeintegratedmorewidelyacrosshealthcareservices.Inordertooptimizebenefitequitablyacrossthepopulation,physiciansandservicesneedtobereadytochangeandadapttonewwaysofworking.
    Perhapsthegreatestchallengeistoensurethereadinessofphysicianstousethesegenomictechnologiesformaximumeffect,sothatgeneticmedicineisincorporatedintomainstreamspecialties.Forsomeclinicians,particularlythoseinvolvedinclinicalresearch,theseadvancesarealreadyareality.
    However,asizablemajoritydonotyetrecognizetherelevanceofgeneticsfortheirclinicalpractice,perceivinggeneticconditionstoberareanduntreatable.Maximizinggenomicopportunitiesalsomeansbeingawareoftheirlimitations,mediaportrayalsthatindicatethatgeneticinformationgivesclear-cutanswersareoftenunrealistic.Indeed,knowingone’sentiregenomicsequenceisnothecrystalballofourfuturethatmanyhopeittobe，andphysicianswillneedtobemorefamiliarwithwhatishype（鼓吹）andwhatisrealityfortheintegrationofgeneticsintomainstreammedicinetobesuccessful.
    Finally,bothprofessionalandpublicshouldhavearealisticviewofwhatispossible.Althoughthediscoveryofgeneticriskfactorsincommondiseasessuchasheartdiseaseandcancerhasledtoimportantinsightsaboutdiseasemechanisms,thepredictivepowerofindividualgeneticvariantsisoftenverylow.Developmentsinbioinformaticswillneedtoevolveconsiderablybeforetheidentificationofaparticularcombinationofgeneticvariantsinanindividualwillhaveclinicalutilityforthem.
    71.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthormostprobablyagreewith?
    A.Personalizedmedicinewillgreatlychangethepracticeofmedicine.B.Geneticbiomarkershavebeenlargelyrefinedoverthepast.
    C.Physicalexaminationremainsessentialintinetuningadiagnosis.D.Clinicalhistory-takingisnolongerimportantinthegeneticera.
    72.What,accordingtothesecondparagraph,canbesaidofgeneticmedicine?
    A.Itcanoffersolutionstoallinheriteddiseases.
    B.Ithasbeenwidelyrecognizedamongthephysicians.C.Itnecessitatesadaptationofthehealthcarecommunity.
    D.Itismonopolizedbyasmallminorityofspecializedphysicians.73.Thefutureofthegenomictechnologies,forthemostpart,liesin_____.
    A.thegreaterpotentialoftreatingrarediseases
    B.thegreatereffortsintherelevantclinicalresearch
    C.thegreaterpreparednessofthephysicianstoemploythemD.thegreaterpublicityoftheirbenefitsinthemediaportrayals74.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorcautionsagainst_____.
    A.underestimationoftheimportanceofthegeneticriskfactorsB.unrealisticexpectationofthegeneticpredicativepowerC.abuseofgeneticmedicineintreatingcommondiseases
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    D.unexpectedevolutionofthebioinformatics.
    75.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthepassage?
    A.Geneticmedicineshouldbethemainstreamoptionforphysicians.B.Geneticmedicineposesgreatchallengestomedicalpractice.C.Geneticmedicinewillexertgreatinfluenceonmedicine.D.Geneticmedicineisdefinedas“stratified”medicine.PassageFour
    Misconductisawordthatisalwaysonprofessors’minds.Incidentsinthenewstendtodescribethemostseriousviolationsofscientificstandards,suchasplagiarismforfabricatingdata.Butthesehigh-profileinfractions（违法）occurrelativelyrarely.Muchmorefrequentareformsofmisconductthatoccuraspartoftheintimaterelationshipbetweenafacultymemberandastudent.
    Facultymembersdon’tneedtocommitegregiousactssuchassexualharassmentorappropriationofstudents’worktofailintheirresponsibilitytotheircharges.Beinggenerallynegligentasteachersandmentorsshouldalsobeseenasfallingdownonthejob.
    Whatwefoundmostinterestingwashowrespondentshadlessvehement（强烈的）reactionstoahostofquestionablebehaviors.Inparticular,theysaidthatfacultymembersshouldavoidneglectfulteachingandmentoring.Theseincludedroutinelybeinglateforclasses,frequentlyskippingappointmentswithadvisees,showingfavoritismtosomestudents,ignoringthosewhoseinterestsdivergedfromtheirown,belittlingcolleaguesinfrontofstudents,providinglittleornofeedbackonstudents’thesesordissertations,andtakeonmoregraduateadviseesthantheycouldhandle.
    ThevastmajorityofUSfacultymembershavesimplynotbeentaughthowtoteach.Andtheseresponsessuggestthattheyaresubjectingyoungscientists-in-trainingtothesameneglect.
    Toaddressthissystemicissue,wemustdoabetterjobofexposingthecurrentandnextgenerationsofscientiststotherulesofpropermentoringthroughseminars.Forinstance,ononlinemodules.Thesocietiesofacademicdisciplines,institutionsandindividualdepartmentscanplayabigparthere,bydevelopingcodesofconductandclearmechanismsforstudentsreportviolations.
    Themostseriousbehaviorsarerelativelyeasytospotandaddress,but“inadequateteaching”canbesubjective.Still,ifuniversitiesestablishspecificrulesforacademicstofollow,realpatternsofabusewillbeeasiertofind.Forinstance,theserulescouldstipulatethatprofessorsmustreturnsubstantivefeedbackondraftswithin15days,providemorethanjustnegativefeedbackduringastudent’soraldefenseoftheirthesis,orbeavailableregularlytoanswerquestions.
    Todealwithfacultymemberswhoconsistentlyfallshort,universitiesshouldestablishteaching-integritycommittees,similartotheresearch-integritycommitteesthathandleissuesofscientificmisconduct.Thesecouldreceivereportsfromstudentsanddecidewhatactiontotake,eitherbyfollowingadueprocesslaidoutinthefacultymanual,orsimplybyadoptingthesameprocessasthatofothercommittees,suchasfortenureapplications.76.Whatisimpliedinthefirsttwoparagraphs?
    A.Themisconductsarewidelyexposedinthenews.
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    B.Thehigh-profileinfractionsarenotadequatelyreported.C.Thefrequentminormisconductsdeservemoreattentions.D.Theviolationofscientificstandardscannotbeeradicated.
    77.What,intherespondents’mind,isthenatureofshowingfavoritismtosomestudents?
    A.Itisaserioushigh-profileinfraction.
    B.Itisaninterestingbutavoidablebehavior.C.ItisapunishablebutavoidablemisconductD.Itisaquestionablebutnon-punishablebehavior.
    78.Theoccurrenceofneglectfulteachingandmentoringamongthefacultycanbeascribedto____.
    A.theirofferingmorecoursesthantheycanhandleB.theirpayinglittleattentiontothestudents’feedbackC.theirreceivinginadequateeducationinhowtoteachD.theirlackinginterestintheareasotherthantheirown
    79.WhichofthefollowingisNOTsuggestedasawaytoaddressthesystemicissue?
    A.DevelopmentofcodesofconductB.Exposureonlineofthemisconducts
    C.EducationabouttherulesofpropermentoringD.Developmentofclearmechanismforreporting80.Whatismainlydiscussedinthelasttwoparagraphs?
    A.Theapproachestoaddressingtheproblemsof“inadequateteaching.”B.Thespecificrulestopunishthosewhoconsistentlyfallshort.C.Thedifferentcommitteesdealingwith“inadequateteaching.”D.Thecodesofconductforthestudentstoreportviolations.PassageFive
    Istheprofessionofmedicineinretreat?I’mremindedofthiswithSeptemberwelcominganewinflux（流入）ofmedicalstudents.Ahandfulofthemmaybesomeofthewide-eyedenthusiastswhoattendedameetingattheRoyalSocietyofMedicine(RSMearlierthisyearaboutwhytheyshouldchooseacareerinmedicine.Choosemedicine,Isaid,becauseitisaprofessionthatallowsyoutopursuemanydifferentpaths,cateringforthediversepersonalitiesthatconstituteanymedicalschool’sintake.
    ButI’mbeginningtowonderifImisledthem.Notjustontheopportunitiesthatwillopenuptothemandonlybelimitedbytheirownambitionandabilities.No,I’mquestioningsomethingmorefundamental:theperceptionofmedicineasaprofession.
    Doctorshavetraditionallyembellished（润色）theirdayjobswithroles,forexample,onmedicalcommittees,collegecouncils,andfacultiesforconferences,meetingsandtrainingcourses.Journaleditorsandassociateeditorsareprimeexamplesofdoctorstakingonanadditionalresponsibilitytotheirfull-timerole.
    Theadvantagesoftheseoutsideinterestsandpositionshavebeenconsiderableforindividuals
    12/17

    andfortheorganizationsthatemploythem.Theorganizationsgaingreaterinfluence,openthemselvesuptonewideasandalternativestrategies,andcangainacompetitiveadvantage.Doctorshaveconsideredthattheseadditionalresponsibilitiesareanimportantdifferentiatorbetweenmedicineasaprofessionandmedicineasafactoryjob.
    Yettimesarechanging.Clock-watchinghasbecomecommonplace,withtheEuropeanaWorkingTimeDirectivebeingthemostobviousexamples.Moretroublesomeformanyseniordoctorsistheissueofjobplanning,whichisbeginningtolimittheadditionalrolesandresponsibilitiesthatdoctorscanundertake.Organizationsarebecomingmorecorporateandlessenlightened.
    Mostdoctorswillfindawayroundthisnewregime,butshort-termpetty-mindedbossesarebeginningtoviewdoctorsasfactoryworkers.Theirlimitedvisionconsidersdoctorstobedangerouslyindependent,malfunctioningcogs（无足轻重的成员）intheirwobblyhealthcaremachine,aspeciestobecontrolledandbeatenintotheshapeofappropriatewidget（装饰品）.
    Medicinewasnevermeanttobegovernedbysuchtunnelvision,wasit?Ultimatelyitwillbethelessenlightenedorganizationswhowillfail.Theseorganizationswillperceivelittlevalueindoctorsspreadingtheirwingsandwilltreatthemlikefactoryworkers,clockingonandoffandfillingintimesheets.Doctorsintheseorganizationswillbegintowonderwhethermedicineisanylongeraprofessionwhenitspractitionersareforcedtocower（畏缩）beforenumbercrunchesandbeancounters.
    81.Whydoestheauthorwonderifhemisledtheprospectivemedicalsstudents?
    A.becausehemisinformedthemintheirchoice.B.becauseheworriesaboutmedicineasaprofession.C.becausehequestionstheirambitionandcompetence.D.becauseheisnotsureabouttheirdiversepersonalities.
    82.WhichofthefollowingisNOTabenefitfortheemployersfromtheirdoctorstakingonadditionalresponsibilities?
    A.morepositionsB.greaterinfluenceC.greatercompetitivenessD.moreexposuretonewideas83.Whatisthemostprobablymessagefromthepassage?
    A.Mostemployersareshort-termpetty-minded.B.Medicineisbecomingmorelikeafactoryjob.
    C.Doctors’roleandresponsibilitieschangeallthetime.D.Seniordoctorsarechallengedwithashrinkingmarket84.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstowarn_____.
    A.thegovernmentagainstlimitingthedoctorstotakeadditionalrolesB.theorganizationsagainstviewingdoctorsasfactoryworkersC.thepractitionersagainsttakingonadditionalresponsibilitiesD.thedoctorsagainstspreadingtheirwingstoowidely85.Whatistheauthor’spurposeofwritingthepassage?
    A.Toadvisetheorganizationstobeopen-minded.
    13/17

    B.Toremindthereadersofmedicineasaprofession.C.Toquestiontheroleoftakingonanadditionalposition.
    D.Toexplaintheadvantagesoftakingonanadditionalposition.PassageSix
    Scientistshaveadutytotalktothepublic.Why?Becausesocialpoliciesneedtobedecidedonthebasisofrationalgroundsandfacts.Theseincludeimportantissuerangingfromclimatechangetothegoalsofthespaceprogram,totheprotectionofendangeredspecies,totheuseofembryonicstemcellsoranimalsinbiomedicalresearch.Boththepublicandpolicymakersneedtounderstandnotonlythescientificjustificationforourworkbutalso,insomecases,whywedeemourstudiestobemorallyjustifiable.
    Thetimeisripeforamoreopen,publicandhonestdebateabouttheroleofscientificexperimentationinanimals.Whatfollowsaresomeofmythoughtsonthistopic.Ihopethisperspectiveencouragesotherscientiststojointhediscussionandpromptsopponentsofanimalresearchtocreateanatmospherewherecivildiscoursecantakeplace,freeofthethreats,harassmentandintimidation（恐吓）thatareincreasinglydirectedatbiomedicalscientistsandtheirfamilies.
    Criticismtotheuseofanimalsinbiomedicalresearchrestsonvariedscientificandethicalarguments.Oneextremeviewholdsthatinformationgatheredfromanimalresearchcannot,eveninprinciple,beusedtoimprovehumanhealth.Itisoftenaccompaniedbycatchyslogansuchas“Ifsocietyfundsmousemodelsofcancer,wewillfindmorecuresforcancerinmice.”Itisarguedthatthephysiologyofanimalsandhumansaretoodifferenttoallowresultsfromanimalresearchtobeextrapolated（推断）tohumans.
    Suchablanketstatementisfalsifiedbynumerouscaseswhereexperimentationonanimalshasdemonstrablycontributedtomedicalbreakthroughs.TheexperimentsoncardiovascularandpulmonaryfunctioninanimalsthatbeganwithHarveyandcontinuedwiththeOxfordphysiologistsestablishedtheunderstandingofwhattheheartandlungsdoandhowtheydoit,onwhichthemodernpracticeofinternalmedicinerests.Modernmedicalpracticeisinconceivableintheabsenceoftheinsightsgainedfromtheseexperiments.Anticoagulantswerefirstisolatedindogs:insulinwasdiscoveredindogsandpurifiedinrabbits;lungsurfactantswerefirstextractedandstudiedindogs;rabbitswereusedinthedevelopmentofinvitrofertilization;miceinthedevelopmentofefficientbreastcancerdrugsandsoon.
    Forthesakeofcompleteness,itmustbenotedthattheotherextreme—thenotionthatallmedicaladvancesarearesultofanimalresearch—isfalseaswell.Importantmedicaladvances,suchassanitationandthediscoveryofaspirin,wereconductedwithouttheuseofanimals.86.Thescientistsneedtotalktothepublicforthepurposeof____.
    A.disseminatingthefindingsoftheirresearch
    B.addressingawiderrangeofissuesofthepublicconcernC.justifyingtheirworkbothscientificallyandmorallyD.helpingthepublicbetterunderstandtheirwork
    87.Inthesecondparagraph,whattopicisraisedfordiscussion?
    14/17

    A.Theatmosphereforcivildiscourse.B.Theroleofscientificanimalresearch.C.Thepressureonbiomedicalscientist.
    D.Theoppositionofscientificanimalresearch.
    88.Onwhichofthefollowingdotheopponentsoftheanimalresearchbasetheirextremeview?
    A.Thephysiologicdifferencesbetweenanimalsandhumans.B.Thecatchyslogansusedtoopposeanimalresearch.C.Theoveruseofmiceincancerexperimentation.D.Theinadequatefundsinanimalresearch.
    89.Tofalsifytheblanketstatement,theauthorcitesallthefollowingEXCEPT_____.
    A.isolationofanticoagulantsindogsB.thepurificationofinsulininrabbits
    C.theextractionandstudiesoflungsurfactantsindogsD.theuseofmiceinthedevelopmentofinvitrofertilization
    90.Whatmessagedoestheauthortrytoconveyaboutthescientificexperimentationinanimals?
    A.Itshouldbeusedwithcautionbecauseofitspossiblefalseresults.B.Itplaysanirreplaceablepartinbiomedicalscience.C.Itcanbereplacedbyotherexperimentalmodels.D.Itplaysalessimportantrolethanitusedto.

    试卷二(PaperTwoPartVWriting(20%
    Directions:InthispartthereisanessayinChinese.Readitcarefullyandthenwriteasummaryof200wordsinEnglishontheANSWERSHEET.Makesurethatyoursummarycoverthemajorpointsoftheessay.
    未来医学发展趋势
    根据现代医学的发展轨迹和社会的发展趋势，未来20年或30年，医学将发生很大的变化。
    一、医学的任务将从以防病治病为主逐步转向以维护和增强健康、提高人的生命质量为主。在未来寻求医学服务的，不再仅仅是患者，而会有相当数量的正常人;
    寻医问诊的人，也不仅仅是因为躯体的缺欠或某个系统有病患的患者，相当多的人是为得到生活指导和心理咨询而求医;
    医生开出的不会全是去药房取药的处方，还有如何提高生活质量的处方。医学的对象将从以患者为主的模式逐步转变成为面向整个人群的模式。因此，整个社会卫生资源的配置将重占分为两极，即社区医学服务与医学中心。有相当数量的医生是从事社区服务的全科医生，而比全科医生多得多的，在某种意义上来说，更直接、更有效、更节省资源的是社区护理队伍。社区护理队伍包括家庭病床服务、老年公寓服务以及社区围产与婴幼儿服务等等。
    二、信息学、生物信息学将改变医学工作的方式。长期以来精心保存的厚厚的病历，将被一张可以记载一个人一生的病情变化、诊疗经过，甚至全部影像资料的卡片代替。病历，
    15/17

    不再只是在某医院、某时期的病情档案的记录，而是其一生的健康与疾病变化的记载。预计在不久的将来，作为医学咨询或医疗、预防等辅助手段，电子医疗和网上医院一定会走向社会，走入市场，但必须强调的是：无论科学怎样发达，诊断或治疗手段如何先进，电子医疗、远程会诊都不能代替最基本的医生与患者面对面直接的诊疗。各种先进的医疗手段都很重要，但最重要的还是医生的基本功，而医生使用计算机的能力只是医生的基本功之一。
    三、医学工作的范围将从“出生到死亡”扩展为“生前到死后”。既往，人们认为
    “人从生到死，总离不开医生”。如今，在人还未出生的时候（胎生期），医生就可以对某种疾病做出正确的诊断，并可进行外科治疗，从而矫正畸形、修复缺损，待手术完毕，再把胎儿还纳子宫，使胎儿正常发育，待其成熟后娩出。此时不仅畸形或缺损得以矫正，而且连瘢痕都没有，这就是所谓的胎儿外科。当今的医院儿科还只是从新生儿开始，在不久的将来，在妇产科和儿科之间，将出现一个新兴的交叉学科-胎儿学科。现在，脑死亡者是个宝贵的卫生资源，在医学领域不仅具有可供利用、造福世人的价值，更具有研究的价值，如：器官保存，组织与细胞的保存与增值，都是新的研究课题和有发展前途的医学新领域。


    16/17

    2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题答案
    PartIListeningComprehension略
    PartIIVocabularySectionA
    31-35:DABCA36-40:DCBAASectionB:
    41-45:BBADB46-50:CCDDA
    PartIIICloze
    51-55:BACDD56-60:CBDCD
    PartIVReadingComprehensionPassageone61-65:DCDDBPassagetwo66-70:DDADDPassagethree71-75:ACBBCPassagefour76-80:CDCBAPassagefive81-85:BABBAPassagesix86-90:CBADB
    PartVWriting略
    内容仅供参考！（内容由有衫收集整理，如有侵权联系删除）
    17/17


    免费下载 Word文档免费下载： 2018年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案

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