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    THEMAGNACARTA

    (TheGreatCharter

    Preamble:
    John,bythegraceofGod,kingofEngland,lordofIreland,dukeofNormandyandAquitaine,andcountofAnjou,tothearchbishop,bishops,abbots,earls,barons,justiciaries,foresters,sheriffs,stewards,servants,andtoallhisbailiffsandliegesubjects,greetings.Knowthat,havingregardtoGodandforthesalvationofoursoul,andthoseofallourancestorsandheirs,anduntothehonorofGodandtheadvancementofhisholyChurchandfortherectifyingofourrealm,wehavegrantedasunderwrittenbyadviceofourvenerablefathers,Stephen,archbishopofCanterbury,primateofallEnglandandcardinaloftheholyRomanChurch,Henry,archbishopofDublin,WilliamofLondon,PeterofWinchester,JocelynofBathandGlastonbury,HughofLincoln,WalterofWorcester,WilliamofCoventry,BenedictofRochester,bishops;ofMasterPandulf,subdeaconandmemberofthehouseholdofourlordthePope,ofbrotherAymeric(masteroftheKnightsoftheTempleinEngland,andoftheillustriousmenWilliamMarshal,earlofPembroke,William,earlofSalisbury,William,earlofWarenne,William,earlofArundel,AlanofGalloway(constableofScotland,WarenFitzGerold,PeterFitzHerbert,HubertDeBurgh(seneschalofPoitou,HughdeNeville,MatthewFitzHerbert,ThomasBasset,AlanBasset,Philipd'Aubigny,RobertofRoppesley,JohnMarshal,JohnFitzHugh,andothers,ourliegemen.
    1.InthefirstplacewehavegrantedtoGod,andbythisourpresentcharterconfirmedforusandourheirsforeverthattheEnglishChurchshallbefree,andshallhaveherrightsentire,andherlibertiesinviolate;andwewillthatitbethusobserved;whichisapparentfromthisthatthefreedomofelections,whichisreckonedmostimportantandveryessentialtotheEnglishChurch,we,ofourpureandunconstrainedwill,didgrant,anddidbyourcharterconfirmanddidobtaintheratificationofthesamefromourlord,PopeInnocentIII,beforethequarrelarosebetweenusandourbarons:andthiswewillobserve,andourwillisthatitbeobservedingoodfaithbyourheirsforever.Wehavealsograntedtoallfreemenofourkingdom,forusandourheirsforever,alltheunderwrittenliberties,tobehadandheldbythemandtheirheirs,ofusandourheirsforever.
    2.Ifanyofourearlsorbarons,orothersholdingofusinchiefbymilitaryserviceshallhavedied,andatthetimeofhisdeathhisheirshallbefullofageandowe"relief",heshallhavehisinheritancebytheoldrelief,towit,theheirorheirsofanearl,forthewholebaroncyofanearlbyL100;theheirorheirsofabaron,L100forawholebarony;theheirorheirsofaknight,100s,atmost,andwhoeveroweslesslethimgiveless,accordingtotheancientcustomoffees.
    3.If,however,theheirofanyoneoftheaforesaidhasbeenunderageandinwardship,lethimhavehisinheritancewithoutreliefandwithoutfinewhenhecomesofage.
    4.Theguardianofthelandofanheirwhoisthusunderage,shalltakefromthelandoftheheirnothingbutreasonableproduce,reasonablecustoms,andreasonableservices,andthatwithoutdestructionorwasteofmenorgoods;andifwehavecommittedthewardshipofthelandsofanysuchminortothesheriff,ortoanyotherwhoisresponsibletousforitsissues,andhehasmadedestructionorwasterofwhatheholdsinwardship,wewilltakeofhimamends,andthelandshallbecommittedtotwolawfulanddiscreetmenofthatfee,whoshallberesponsiblefortheissuestousortohimtowhomweshallassignthem;andifwehavegivenorsoldthewardshipofanysuchlandtoanyoneandhehasthereinmadedestructionorwaste,heshalllosethatwardship,anditshallbetransferredtotwolawfulanddiscreetmenofthatfief,whoshallberesponsibletousinlikemannerasaforesaid.
    5.Theguardian,moreover,solongashehasthewardshipoftheland,shallkeepupthe

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    houses,parks,fishponds,stanks,mills,andotherthingspertainingtotheland,outoftheissuesofthesameland;andheshallrestoretotheheir,whenhehascometofullage,allhisland,stockedwithploughsandwainage,accordingastheseasonofhusbandryshallrequire,andtheissuesofthelandcanreasonablebear.
    6.Heirsshallbemarriedwithoutdisparagement,yetsothatbeforethemarriagetakesplacethenearestinbloodtothatheirshallhavenotice.
    7.Awidow,afterthedeathofherhusband,shallforthwithandwithoutdifficultyhavehermarriageportionandinheritance;norshallshegiveanythingforherdower,orforhermarriageportion,orfortheinheritancewhichherhusbandandsheheldonthedayofthedeathofthathusband;andshemayremaininthehouseofherhusbandforfortydaysafterhisdeath,withinwhichtimeherdowershallbeassignedtoher.
    8.Nowidowshallbecompelledtomarry,solongasshepreferstolivewithoutahusband;providedalwaysthatshegivessecuritynottomarrywithoutourconsent,ifsheholdsofus,orwithouttheconsentofthelordofwhomsheholds,ifsheholdsofanother.
    9.Neitherwenorourbailiffswillseizeanylandorrentforanydebt,aslongasthechattelsofthedebtoraresufficienttorepaythedebt;norshallthesuretiesofthedebtorbedistrainedsolongastheprincipaldebtorisabletosatisfythedebt;andiftheprincipaldebtorshallfailtopaythedebt,havingnothingwherewithtopayit,thenthesuretiesshallanswerforthedebt;andletthemhavethelandsandrentsofthedebtor,iftheydesirethem,untiltheyareindemnifiedforthedebtwhichtheyhavepaidforhim,unlesstheprincipaldebtorcanshowproofthatheisdischargedthereofasagainstthesaidsureties.
    10.IfonewhohasborrowedfromtheJewsanysum,greatorsmall,diebeforethatloanberepaid,thedebtshallnotbearinterestwhiletheheirisunderage,ofwhomsoeverhemayhold;andifthedebtfallintoourhands,wewillnottakeanythingexcepttheprincipalsumcontainedinthebond.
    11.AndifanyonedieindebtedtotheJews,hiswifeshallhaveherdowerandpaynothingofthatdebt;andifanychildrenofthedeceasedareleftunderage,necessariesshallbeprovidedfortheminkeepingwiththeholdingofthedeceased;andoutoftheresiduethedebtshallbepaid,reserving,however,serviceduetofeudallords;inlikemannerletitbedonetouchingdebtsduetoothersthanJews.
    12.Noscutagenotaidshallbeimposedonourkingdom,unlessbycommoncounselofourkingdom,exceptforransomingourperson,formakingoureldestsonaknight,andforoncemarryingoureldestdaughter;andforthesethereshallnotbeleviedmorethanareasonableaid.InlikemanneritshallbedoneconcerningaidsfromthecityofLondon.
    13.AndthecityofLondonshallhaveallitancientlibertiesandfreecustoms,aswellbylandasbywater;furthermore,wedecreeandgrantthatallothercities,boroughs,towns,andportsshallhavealltheirlibertiesandfreecustoms.
    14.Andforobtainingthecommoncounselofthekingdomanenttheassessingofanaid(exceptinthethreecasesaforesaidorofascutage,wewillcausetobesummonedthearchbishops,bishops,abbots,earls,andgreaterbarons,severallybyourletters;andwewillmoveovercausetobesummonedgenerally,throughoursheriffsandbailiffs,andotherswhoholdofusinchief,forafixeddate,namely,aftertheexpiryofatleastfortydays,andatafixedplace;andinalllettersofsuchsummonswewillspecifythereasonofthesummons.Andwhenthesummonshasthusbeenmade,thebusinessshallproceedonthedayappointed,accordingtothecounselofsuchasarepresent,althoughnotallwhoweresummonedhavecome.
    15.Wewillnotforthefuturegranttoanyonelicensetotakeanaidfromhisownfreetenants,excepttoransomhisperson,tomakehiseldestsonaknight,andoncetomarryhiseldest

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    daughter;andoneachoftheseoccasionsthereshallbeleviedonlyareasonableaid.
    16.Nooneshallbedistrainedforperformanceofgreaterserviceforaknight'sfee,orforanyotherfreetenement,thanisduetherefrom.
    17.Commonpleasshallnotfollowourcourt,butshallbeheldinsomefixedplace.
    18.Inquestsofnoveldisseisin,ofmortd'ancestor,andofdarreinpresentmentshallnotbeheldelsewherethanintheirowncountycourts,andthatinmannerfollowing;We,or,ifweshouldbeoutoftherealm,ourchiefjusticiar,willsendtwojusticiariesthrougheverycountyfourtimesayear,whoshallalonewithfourknightsofthecountychosenbythecounty,holdthesaidassizesinthecountycourt,onthedayandintheplaceofmeetingofthatcourt.
    19.Andifanyofthesaidassizescannotbetakenonthedayofthecountycourt,letthereremainoftheknightsandfreeholders,whowerepresentatthecountycourtonthatday,asmanyasmayberequiredfortheefficientmakingofjudgments,accordingasthebusinessbemoreorless.
    20.Afreemanshallnotbeamercedforaslightoffense,exceptinaccordancewiththedegreeoftheoffense;andforagraveoffenseheshallbeamercedinaccordancewiththegravityoftheoffense,yetsavingalwayshis"contentment";andamerchantinthesameway,savinghis"merchandise";andavilleinshallbeamercedinthesameway,savinghis"wainage"iftheyhavefallenintoourmercy:andnoneoftheaforesaidamercementsshallbeimposedexceptbytheoathofhonestmenoftheneighborhood.
    21.Earlsandbaronsshallnotbeamercedexceptthroughtheirpeers,andonlyinaccordancewiththedegreeoftheoffense.
    22.Aclerkshallnotbeamercedinrespectofhislayholdingexceptafterthemanneroftheothersaforesaid;further,heshallnotbeamercedinaccordancewiththeextentofhisecclesiasticalbenefice.
    23.Novillageorindividualshallbecompelledtomakebridgesatriverbanks,exceptthosewhofromofoldwerelegallyboundtodoso.
    24.Nosheriff,constable,coroners,orothersofourbailiffs,shallholdpleasofourCrown.25.Allcounties,hundred,wapentakes,andtrithings(exceptourdemesnemanorsshallremainattheoldrents,andwithoutanyadditionalpayment.
    26.Ifanyoneholdingofusalayfiefshalldie,andoursherifforbailiffshallexhibitourletterspatentofsummonsforadebtwhichthedeceasedowedus,itshallbelawfulforoursherifforbailifftoattachandenrollthechattelsofthedeceased,founduponthelayfief,tothevalueofthatdebt,atthesightoflawworthymen,providedalwaysthatnothingwhateverbethenceremoveduntilthedebtwhichisevidentshallbefullypaidtous;andtheresidueshallbelefttotheexecutorstofulfillthewillofthedeceased;andiftherebenothingduefromhimtous,allthechattelsshallgotothedeceased,savingtohiswifeandchildrentheirreasonableshares.
    27.Ifanyfreemanshalldieintestate,hischattelsshallbedistributedbythehandsofhisnearestkinsfolkandfriends,undersupervisionoftheChurch,savingtoeveryonethedebtswhichthedeceasedowedtohim.
    28.Noconstableorotherbailiffofoursshalltakecornorotherprovisionsfromanyonewithoutimmediatelytenderingmoneytherefor,unlesshecanhavepostponementthereofbypermissionoftheseller.
    29.Noconstableshallcompelanyknighttogivemoneyinlieuofcastle-guard,whenheiswillingtoperformitinhisownperson,or(ifhehimselfcannotdoitfromanyreasonablecausethenbyanotherresponsibleman.Further,ifwehaveledorsenthimuponmilitaryservice,heshallberelievedfromguardinproportiontothetimeduringwhichhehasbeenonservicebecauseofus.

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    30.Nosherifforbailiffofours,orotherperson,shalltakethehorsesorcartsofanyfreemanfortransportduty,againstthewillofthesaidfreeman.
    31.Neitherwenorourbailiffsshalltake,forourcastlesorforanyotherworkofours,woodwhichisnotours,againstthewilloftheownerofthatwood.
    32.Wewillnotretainbeyondoneyearandoneday,thelandsthosewhohavebeenconvictedoffelony,andthelandsshallthereafterbehandedovertothelordsofthefiefs.
    33.AllkydellsforthefutureshallberemovedaltogetherfromThamesandMedway,andthroughoutallEngland,exceptupontheseashore.
    34.Thewritwhichiscalledpraecipeshallnotforthefuturebeissuedtoanyone,regardinganytenementwherebyafreemanmaylosehiscourt.
    35.Lettherebeonemeasureofwinethroughoutourwholerealm;andonemeasureofale;andonemeasureofcorn,towit,"theLondonquarter";andonewidthofcloth(whetherdyed,orrusset,or"halberget",towit,twoellswithintheselvedges;ofweightsalsoletitbeasofmeasures.
    36.Nothinginfutureshallbegivenortakenforawritofinquisitionoflifeorlimbs,butfreelyitshallbegranted,andneverdenied.
    37.Ifanyoneholdsofusbyfee-farm,eitherbysocageorbyburage,orofanyotherlandbyknight'sservice,wewillnot(byreasonofthatfee-farm,socage,orburgage,havethewardshipoftheheir,orofsuchlandofhisasifofthefiefofthatother;norshallwehavewardshipofthatfee-farm,socage,orburgage,unlesssuchfee-farmowesknight'sservice.Wewillnotbyreasonofanysmallserjeancywhichanyonemayholdofusbytheserviceofrenderingtousknives,arrows,orthelike,havewardshipofhisheirorofthelandwhichheholdsofanotherlordbyknight'sservice.
    38.Nobailiffforthefutureshall,uponhisownunsupportedcomplaint,putanyonetohis"law",withoutcrediblewitnessesbroughtforthispurposes.
    39.Nofreemenshallbetakenorimprisonedordisseisedorexiledorinanywaydestroyed,norwillwegouponhimnorsenduponhim,exceptbythelawfuljudgmentofhispeersorbythelawoftheland.
    40.Tonoonewillwesell,tonoonewillwerefuseordelay,rightorjustice.
    41.AllmerchantsshallhavesafeandsecureexitfromEngland,andentrytoEngland,withtherighttotarrythereandtomoveaboutaswellbylandasbywater,forbuyingandsellingbytheancientandrightcustoms,quitfromalleviltolls,except(intimeofwarsuchmerchantsasareofthelandatwarwithus.Andifsucharefoundinourlandatthebeginningofthewar,theyshallbedetained,withoutinjurytotheirbodiesorgoods,untilinformationbereceivedbyus,orbyourchiefjusticiar,howthemerchantsofourlandfoundinthelandatwarwithusaretreated;andifourmenaresafethere,theothersshallbesafeinourland.
    42.Itshallbelawfulinfutureforanyone(exceptingalwaysthoseimprisonedoroutlawedinaccordancewiththelawofthekingdom,andnativesofanycountryatwarwithus,andmerchants,whoshallbetreatedasifaboveprovidedtoleaveourkingdomandtoreturn,safeandsecurebylandandwater,exceptforashortperiodintimeofwar,ongroundsofpublicpolicy--reservingalwaystheallegianceduetous.
    43.Ifanyoneholdingofsomeescheat(suchasthehonorofWallingford,Nottingham,Boulogne,Lancaster,orofotherescheatswhichareinourhandsandarebaroniesshalldie,hisheirshallgivenootherrelief,andperformnootherservicetousthanhewouldhavedonetothebaronifthatbaronyhadbeeninthebaron'shand;andweshallholditinthesamemannerinwhichthebaronheldit.
    44.Menwhodwellwithouttheforestneednothenceforthcomebeforeourjusticiariesof

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    theforestuponageneralsummons,unlesstheyareinplea,orsuretiesofoneormore,whoareattachedfortheforest.
    45.Wewillappointasjustices,constables,sheriffs,orbailiffsonlysuchasknowthelawoftherealmandmeantoobserveitwell.
    46.Allbaronswhohavefoundedabbeys,concerningwhichtheyholdchartersfromthekingsofEngland,orofwhichtheyhavelongcontinuedpossession,shallhavethewardshipofthem,whenvacant,astheyoughttohave.
    47.Allforeststhathavebeenmadesuchinourtimeshallforthwithbedisafforsted;andasimilarcourseshallbefollowedwithregardtoriverbanksthathavebeenplaced"indefense"byusinourtime.
    48.Allevilcustomsconnectedwithforestsandwarrens,forestersandwarreners,sheriffsandtheirofficers,riverbanksandtheirwardens,shallimmediatelybyinquiredintoineachcountybytwelveswornknightsofthesamecountychosenbythehonestmenofthesamecounty,andshall,withinfortydaysofthesaidinquest,beutterlyabolished,soasnevertoberestored,providedalwaysthatwepreviouslyhaveintimationthereof,orourjusticiar,ifweshouldnotbeinEngland.
    49.WewillimmediatelyrestoreallhostagesandchartersdeliveredtousbyEnglishmen,assuretiesofthepeaceoffaithfulservice.
    50.Wewillentirelyremovefromtheirbailiwicks,therelationsofGerardofAthee(sothatinfuturetheyshallhavenobailiwickinEngland;namely,EngelardofCigogne,Peter,Guy,andAndrewofChanceaux,GuyofCigogne,GeoffreyofMartignywithhisbrothers,PhilipMarkwithhisbrothersandhisnephewGeoffrey,andthewholebroodofthesame.
    51.Assoonaspeaceisrestored,wewillbanishfromthekingdomallforeignbornknights,crossbowmen,serjeants,andmercenarysoldierswhohavecomewithhorsesandarmstothekingdom'shurt.
    52.Ifanyonehasbeendispossessedorremovedbyus,withoutthelegaljudgmentofhispeers,fromhislands,castles,franchises,orfromhisright,wewillimmediatelyrestorethemtohim;andifadisputeariseoverthis,thenletitbedecidedbythefiveandtwentybaronsofwhommentionismadebelowintheclauseforsecuringthepeace.Moreover,forallthosepossessions,fromwhichanyonehas,withoutthelawfuljudgmentofhispeers,beendisseisedorremoved,byourfather,KingHenry,orbyourbrother,KingRichard,andwhichweretaininourhand(orwhichaspossessedbyothers,towhomweareboundtowarrantthemweshallhaverespiteuntiltheusualtermofcrusaders;exceptingthosethingsaboutwhichapleahasbeenraised,oraninquestmadebyourorder,beforeourtakingofthecross;butassoonaswereturnfromtheexpedition,wewillimmediatelygrantfulljusticetherein.
    53.Weshallhave,moreover,thesamerespiteandinthesamemannerinrenderingjusticeconcerningthedisafforestationorretentionofthoseforestswhichHenryourfatherandRichardourbrotherafforested,andconcerningthewardshipoflandswhichareofthefiefofanother(namely,suchwardshipsaswehavehithertohadbyreasonofafiefwhichanyoneheldofusbyknight'sservice,andconcerningabbeysfoundedonotherfiefsthanourown,inwhichthelordofthefeeclaimstohaveright;andwhenwehavereturned,orifwedesistfromourexpedition,wewillimmediatelygrantfulljusticetoallwhocomplainofsuchthings.
    54.Nooneshallbearrestedorimprisonedupontheappealofawoman,forthedeathofanyotherthanherhusband.
    55.Allfinesmadewithusunjustlyandagainstthelawoftheland,andallamercements,imposedunjustlyandagainstthelawoftheland,shallbeentirelyremitted,orelseitshallbedoneconcerningthemaccordingtothedecisionofthefiveandtwentybaronswhommentionismade

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    belowintheclauseforsecuringthepease,oraccordingtothejudgmentofthemajorityofthesame,alongwiththeaforesaidStephen,archbishopofCanterbury,ifhecanbepresent,andsuchothersashemaywishtobringwithhimforthispurpose,andifhecannotbepresentthebusinessshallneverthelessproceedwithouthim,providedalwaysthatifanyoneormoreoftheaforesaidfiveandtwentybaronsareinasimilarsuit,theyshallberemovedasfarasconcernsthisparticularjudgment,othersbeingsubstitutedintheirplacesafterhavingbeenselectedbytherestofthesamefiveandtwentyforthispurposeonly,andafterhavingbeensworn.
    56.IfwehavedisseisedorremovedWelshmenfromlandsorliberties,orotherthings,withoutthelegaljudgmentoftheirpeersinEnglandorinWales,theyshallbeimmediatelyrestoredtothem;andifadisputeariseoverthis,thenletitbedecidedinthemarchesbythejudgmentoftheirpeers;forthetenementsinEnglandaccordingtothelawofEngland,fortenementsinWalesaccordingtothelawofWales,andfortenementsinthemarchesaccordingtothelawofthemarches.Welshmenshalldothesametousandours.
    57.Further,forallthosepossessionsfromwhichanyWelshmanhas,withoutthelawfuljudgmentofhispeers,beendisseisedorremovedbyKingHenryourfather,orKingRichardourbrother,andwhichweretaininourhand(orwhicharepossessedbyothers,andwhichweoughttowarrant,wewillhaverespiteuntiltheusualtermofcrusaders;exceptingthosethingsaboutwhichapleahasbeenraisedoraninquestmadebyourorderbeforewetookthecross;butassoonaswereturn(orifperchancewedesistfromourexpedition,wewillimmediatelygrantfulljusticeinaccordancewiththelawsoftheWelshandinrelationtotheforesaidregions.
    58.WewillimmediatelygiveupthesonofLlywelynandallthehostagesofWales,andthechartersdeliveredtousassecurityforthepeace.
    59.WewilldotowardsAlexander,kingofScots,concerningthereturnofhissistersandhishostages,andconcerninghisfranchises,andhisright,inthesamemannerasweshalldotowardsourowherbaronsofEngland,unlessitoughttobeotherwiseaccordingtothecharterswhichweholdfromWilliamhisfather,formerlykingofScots;andthisshallbeaccordingtothejudgmentofhispeersinourcourt.
    60.Moreover,alltheseaforesaidcustomsandliberties,theobservancesofwhichwehavegrantedinourkingdomasfaraspertainstoustowardsourmen,shallbeobservedballofourkingdom,aswellclergyaslaymen,asfaraspertainstothemtowardstheirmen.
    61.Since,moveover,forGodandtheamendmentofourkingdomandforthebetterallayingofthequarrelthathasarisenbetweenusandourbarons,wehavegrantedalltheseconcessions,desirousthattheyshouldenjoythemincompleteandfirmenduranceforever,wegiveandgranttothemtheunderwrittensecurity,namely,thatthebaronschoosefiveandtwentybaronsofthekingdom,whomsoevertheywill,whoshallbeboundwithalltheirmight,toobserveandhold,andcausetobeobserved,thepeaceandlibertieswehavegrantedandconfirmedtothembythisourpresentCharter,sothatifwe,orourjusticiar,orourbailiffsoranyoneofourofficers,shallinanythingbeatfaulttowardsanyone,orshallhavebrokenanyoneofthearticlesofthispeaceorofthissecurity,andtheoffensebenotifiedtofourbaronsoftheforesaidfiveandtwenty,thesaidfourbaronsshallrepairtous(orourjusticiar,ifweareoutoftherealmand,layingthetransgressionbeforeus,petitiontohavethattransgressionredressedwithoutdelay.Andifweshallnothavecorrectedthetransgression(or,intheeventofourbeingoutoftherealm,ifourjusticiarshallnothavecorrecteditwithinfortydays,reckoningfromthetimeithasbeenintimatedtous(ortoourjusticiar,ifweshouldbeoutoftherealm,thefourbaronsaforesaidshallreferthatmattertotherestofthefiveandtwentybarons,andthosefiveandtwentybaronsshall,togetherwiththecommunityofthewholerealm,distrainanddistressusinallpossibleways,namely,byseizingourcastles,lands,possessions,andinanyotherwaytheycan,until

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    redresshasbeenobtainedastheydeemfit,savingharmlessourownperson,andthepersonsofourqueenandchildren;andwhenredresshasbeenobtained,theyshallresumetheiroldrelationstowardsus.Andletwhoeverinthecountrydesiresit,sweartoobeytheordersofthesaidfiveandtwentybaronsfortheexecutionofalltheaforesaidmatters,andalongwiththem,tomolestustotheutmostofhispower;andwepubliclyandfreelygrantleavetoeveryonewhowishestoswear,andweshallneverforbidanyonetoswear.Allthose,moveover,inthelandwhoofthemselvesandoftheirownaccordareunwillingtosweartothetwentyfivetohelptheminconstrainingandmolestingus,weshallbyourcommandcompelthesametosweartotheeffectforesaid.Andifanyoneofthefiveandtwentybaronsshallhavediedordepartedfromtheland,orbeincapacitatedinanyothermannerwhichwouldpreventtheforesaidprovisionsbeingcarriedout,thoseofthesaidtwentyfivebaronswhoareleftshallchooseanotherinhisplaceaccordingtotheirownjudgment,andheshallbesworninthesamewayastheothers.Further,inallmatters,theexecutionofwhichisentrusted,tothesetwentyfivebarons,ifperchancethesetwentyfivearepresentanddisagreeaboutanything,orifsomeofthem,afterbeingsummoned,areunwillingorunabletobepresent,thatwhichthemajorityofthosepresentordainorcommandshallbeheldasfixedandestablished,exactlyasifthewholetwentyfivehadconcurredinthis;andthesaidtwentyfiveshallswearthattheywillfaithfullyobserveallthatisaforesaid,andcauseittobeobservedwithalltheirmight.Andweshallprocurenothingfromanyone,directlyorindirectly,wherebyanypartoftheseconcessionsandlibertiesmightberevokedordiminished;andifanysuchthingshasbeenprocured,letitbevoidandnull,andweshallneveruseitpersonallyorbyanother.
    62.Andallthewill,hatreds,andbitternessthathavearisenbetweenusandourmen,clergyandlay,fromthedateofthequarrel,wehavecompletelyremittedandpardonedtoeveryone.Moreover,alltrespassesoccasionedbythesaidquarrel,fromEasterinthesixteenthyearofourreigntilltherestorationofpeace,wehavefullyremittedtoall,bothclergyandlaymen,andcompletelyforgiven,asfaraspertainstous.Andonthishead,wehavecausedtobemadeforthemletterstestimonialpatentofthelordStephen,archbishopofCanterbury,ofthelordHenry,archbishopofDublin,ofthebishopsaforesaid,andofMasterPandulfastouchingthissecurityandtheconcessionsaforesaid.
    63.WhereforewewillandfirmlyorderthattheEnglishChurchbefree,andthatthemeninourkingdomhaveandholdalltheaforesaidliberties,rights,andconcessions,wellandpeaceably,freelyandquietly,fullyandwholly,forthemselvesandtheirheirs,ofusandourheirs,inallrespectsandinallplacesforever,asisaforesaid.Anoath,moreover,hasbeentaken,aswellonourpartasontheartofthebarons,thatalltheseconditionsaforesaidshallbekeptingoodfaithandwithoutevilintent.Givenunderourhand-theabovenamedandmanyothersbeingwitnesses-inthemeadowwhichiscalledRunnymede,betweenWindsorandStaines,onthefifteenthdayofJune,intheseventeenthyearofourreign.
    ------------------------------------
    ThisisbutoneofthreedifferenttranslationsIfoundoftheMagnaCarta;itwasoriginallydoneinLatin,probablybytheArchbishop,StephenLangton.Itwasinforceforonlyafewmonths,whenitwasviolatedbytheking.Justoverayearlater,withnoresolutiontothewar,thekingdied,beingsucceededbyhis9-yearoldson,HenryIII.TheCharter(Cartawasreissuedagain,withsomerevisions,in1216,1217and1225.AsnearasIcantell,theversionpresentedhereistheonethatpreceededalloftheothers;nearlyallofit'sprovisionsweresoonsupercededbyotherlaws,andnoneofitiseffectivetoday.ThetwootherversionsIfoundeachprofessedtobetheoriginal,aswell.Thebasicintentofeachisthesame.

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