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哈佛文献引用标注harvard referencing

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Harvard referencing guide
HSL-DVC1
A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for someone else or yourself to trace the item in a library. It is very important to be consistent and accurate when citing references. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference. Citations in the text should give the author's name with the year of publication and then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of the paper/dissertation. This guide aims to outline how to reference using the Harvard method. The Harvard method is not the only standard of referencing and you should consult with your lecturers which they recommend. For a more interactive tutorial on how to reference correctly refer to the „Tutorials by department‟ tab on the Information Skills Resource website. Harvard method of citation in the text
All statements, opinions, conclusions etc. taken from another writer's work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised. In the Harvard System cited publications are referred to in one of the forms shown below:
Single author:-
In a study by Seedhouse (1997 coping with illness was investigated .... In a study (Seedhouse,1997 coping with illness was investigated .... When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by adding lower case letters after the year within the brackets. Burnard (1992a wrote about communication for health professionals that .... Two authors :-
In the book by Basford and Slevin (1995 ..... More than two authors:-
Benner et al (1996 conclude that .... If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically:- There are indications that passive smoking is potentially threatening to the health.......... ( Francome and Marks, 1996; Bunton, 1995; Lupton, 1995 Harvard method of quoting in the text
When quoting directly in the text use quotation marks as well as acknowledging the author's name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets. Short quotations e.g. up to 2 lines can be included in the body of the text:- Weir (1995 states that "defining roles and their remits is not simple"(p.10. Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:-
Thomas and Ingham (1995 in discussing staff development state that: "Development is infectious, and staff who previously have recoiled from undertaking a degree or conversion course have been encouraged by the success of others"(p.33. If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:- Weir and Kendrick (1995 state that "networking is no longer solely within the male domain . . ."(p.88. Secondary referencing
Secondary referencing is when one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available. You should cite the primary source and the source you have read e.g. (Fiedler and Chemers, 1974, cited in Douglass, 1996. Secondary referencing should be avoided if at all possible. Harvard method of listing references at the end of the text
References should be listed in alphabetical order by author's name and then by date (earliest first, and then if more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b etc. Whenever possible details should be taken from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different. Each reference should include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below. Authors' forenames can be included if given on the title page but they are not
required to be. The title of the publication should either be in italics or underlined. The examples given are in italics: A book by a single author:
Seedhouse, D. (1997 Health promotion: philosophy, prejudice and practice. Chichester, John Wiley. A book by two authors:
Burns, Nancy and Grove, Susan K. (1997 The practice of nursing research: conduct, critique & utilization. 3rd edition. London, Saunders. A book by more than two authors:
Mares, Penny et al. (1995 Health care in multiracial Britain. Cambridge, Health Education Council. A book by a corporate author (e.g. a government department or other organisation: Health Visitors' Association (1992 Principles into practice : an HVA position statement on health visiting and school nursing. London, Health Visitors' Association. An edited book:
Basford, Lynn and Slevin, Oliver (eds (1995 Theory and practice of nursing: an integrated approach to patient care. Edinburgh, Campion. A chapter in a book:
Weir, Pauline (1995 Clinical practice development role: a personal reflection. In: K. Kendrick et al. (eds Innovations in nursing practice. London, Edward Arnold. p. 5- 22.
An article in a journal:
Allen, A. (1993 Changing theory in nursing practice. Senior Nurse, 13(1, 43-5. An article in a newspaper:
White, M. (1998 £68m to cut NHS waiting lists. Guardian, Monday May 18 1998, p.8. If no author name is given then anon should be used instead. Anon (1998 Schemes to boost dental care. Guardian, Monday May 18 1998, p.8. Government publications
In broad terms White Papers contain statements of Government policy while Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion. They are cited in the same way. A White paper:
Department of Health (1996 Choice and opportunity: primary care: the future. Cm.3390. London, Stationery Office. A Green paper:
Department of Health (1998 Our Healthier Nation: a contract for health. Cm 3854. London, Stationery Office. An Act of Parliament:
Great Britain (1990 National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990. Chapter 19. London, HMSO.
Conference proceedings:
Published conference proceedings with author or editor(s:
Banks, S. et al (1998 Networked Lifelong Learning: innovative approaches to education and training through the Internet: Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference held at the University of Sheffield. Sheffield, University of Sheffield. Paper from published conference proceedings with author or editor(s:
Proctor, P. (1998 The tutorial: combining asynchronous and synchronous learning. In: Banks, S. et al. Networked Lifelong Learning: innovative A thesis or dissertation:
Stones, Marian (1995 Women, nurses, education: an oral history taking technique. Unpublished M.Ed. dissertation, University of Sheffield. A secondary reference:
Fiedler, F. and Chemers, M. (1974 Leadership and effective management. Glenview, Illinois, Scott Foresman & Co. Cited in: Douglass, Laura Mae (1996 The effective nurse: leader and manager. 5th edition. St. Louis, Missouri, Mosby. Acknowledgements:
The following documents have been used in the compilation of this guide and further information can be obtained from them. Bournemouth University. Academic Services Group. Library and Information Services.
(1996 Harvard System. [online] Bournemouth, Bournemouth University. [Accessed 9th June 1996]. British Standards Institution (1989 BS Recommendations for references to published materials. BS.1629:1989. London, BSI. Citing electronic sources of information
There is a separate guide giving details of how to cite electronic sources of information: “Citing electronic sources of information”.

Citing online and audio visual sources of information HSL-DVC2
Data is available in various formats apart from printed documents such as books and journals. Increasingly information is becoming available electronically. This guide sets out to provide examples of how to cite these electronic sources of information in the Harvard style. There is a separate document outlining how to cite printed material. The standard copyright law applies equally to electronic sources and any reference to other people's work should be acknowledged with citations in your text and inclusion in your reference list. The Information Skills Resource includes interactive tutorials on how to reference correctly. Select the ‘Tutorials by department’ tab for tutorials tailored for your subject area. Always check which referencing method your department recommends before submitting finished work. INTERNET SOURCES Individual works
Author/editor surname, Initial. (Year Title [online].Edition. Place of publication, Publisher. Available from: URL[Accessed date].
Example: Marieb.E. (2000 Essentials of Human anatomy and Physiology: AWL Companion Web Site.[online]. 6th edition. San Francisco, Benjamin Cummings. Available from: http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/marieb-essentials/ [Accessed 4th July 2001]. Include the year of publication in brackets. Most Web pages are updated on a regular basis. Date of publication is the date the pages were last updated. If you are not sure of the date click on View and page source to check when last modified. If no publication date is given write (No date. Only mention an edition statement if the document clearly states that the pages have been rewritten rather than just updated. The accessed date is when you viewed, downloaded or printed the Web page. This statement is necessary to allow for any subsequent changes which may be made to the page or if the page is no longer available. The term publisher is used here to cover both the traditional idea of publisher of printed sources, as well as organisations responsible for maintaining sites on the Internet, such as the University of Sheffield. If the place of publication is not stated and cannot be ascertained then leave out. Often information is put on the Internet by organisations without citing a specific
author. In such cases, ascribe authorship to the smallest identifiable organisational unit (this is similar to the standard method of citing works produced by a corporate body or start with the title. Example: The University of Sheffield Library (2001 Nursing and Midwifery in the Library and on the Internet. [online]. Sheffield, University of Sheffield. Available from: http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/subjects/subnurse.html [Accessed 4th July 2001]. Citing electronic journals
Author surname, Initial. (Year Title of article. Journal title[online], Volume (part, location within the host. Available from:URL [Accessed date]. The "location within host" is the equivalent of page numbering used with printed sources. If the document does not include pagination an alternative may be used eg date, labelled part, or the the total number of lines, paragraphs or screens. Example of an article from a journal available in print and electronic form: Handwashing Liaison Group (1999 Hand washing. BMJ[online], 318 (7185,686. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/318/7185/686 [Accessed 4th July 2001]. Examples of articles from journals only available online: Snyder, M. (2001 Overview and Summary of Complementary Therapies: Are These
Really Nursing? Online Journal of Issues in Nursing [online], 6(2, 31st May 2001. Available from: http://www.nursingworld/ojin/topic15/tpc15ntr.htm [Accessed 4th July 2001. Peterson, M. (1997 Skills to enhance problem-based learning. Medical Education Online [online], 2,3. Available from: http://www.med-ed-online.org/f0000009.htm#reference [Accessed 4th July 2001]. Citing a full text item from an online bibliographical database
Author surname, Initial. (Year Title of article. Journal title.Volume (part, pages. Full-text [online]. Online database name on host [Accessed date]. Example of full text article from CINAHL via the Ovid online service: Newens, Andrew J. et al (1997. Changes in reported dietary habit and exercise levels after an uncomplicated first myocardial infarction in middle-aged men. Journal of Clinical Nursing 6(2, 153-160. Full-text [online]. CINAHL, Ovid Technologies Inc.[Accessed 28th May 1998]. Citing an abstract from an online bibliographical database
An abstract should only be cited if it has proved impossible to obtain the full text of the article and it is essential to your work to do so. Author surname, Initial. (Year. Title of article. Journal title. Volume (part, pages. Abstract [online]. Online database name on host [Accessed date].
Example of abstract from CINAHL via the Ovid online service: Redman, G. M. (1997. LPN-BSN: education for a reformed healthcare system. Journal of Nursing Education 36(3, 121-7. Abstract [online]. CINAHL, Ovid Technologies Inc. [Accessed 28thMay 1998]. Citation from a database that includes citation instructions
Sometimes the database instructs you on how to cite references. This might be at the end of the article. You must cite the reference as they state. Put in brackets at the end of the citation that this is the case. Example of such a citation: Renfrew MJ and Lang S. Early initiation of breastfeeding. (Cochrane Review In: the Cochrane Library, issue 2. Oxford:Update Software;1998. Updated quarterly. (Citation as instructed JISCmail/Listserv email lists
These discussion lists generate email messages which are sent directly to the subscriber. Many lists will archive the messages sent. References to these messages should be treated in a similar fashion to journal references; using the list name in place of the journal title and the subject line of the message in place of the article title. For "Available from" use the email address of the list administrator. These details,
together with the author, will appear in the message header. Author, (Day Month Year. Subject of message. Discussion list [online]. Available from: JISCmail/Listserv email address [Accessed date]. Examples: Nott, A.J. (26 Jan 2000 Integrated care pathways. Psychiatric- nursing [online]. Available from: http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/psychiatric-nursing.html [Accessed 5th July 2001]. Sandall, J. (24 May 2001 Free web-based virtual midwifery library. Midwifery-research [online]. Available from: http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/midwifery-research.html [Accessed 5th July 2001]. Please note that items may only be archived on discussion group servers for up to a year. A local copy could be kept by the recipient, who is giving the citation, but a note should be given to this effect. It is also in your interest to print a copy of potentially temporary sources in case you need to prove a source after it has been deleted/moved/changed. Usenet newsgroups/Bulletinboards/Blogs
Usenet newsgroups allow people with similar interests to read and post messages in a common location on the Internet. Author (Day Month Year. Subject heading of message. Newsgroup [online].
Available from: Name of Usenet newsgroup [Access date]. Clark, D. & Young, J. (8 June 2001 Substance Misuse resource. Uk.sci.med.nursing [online]. Available from: news:uk.sc.med.nursing [Accessed 5th July 2001]. If the author's name and initial is not given, use the email/username. Example: news@rnld.co.uk (7 June 2001 UK Learning Difficulty Website. Uk.sci.med.nursing [online]. Available from: news:uk.sc.med.nursing [Accessed 5th July 2001]. Example: Doctorow, C. (17 Jan 2010 Britain’s Business Secretary wants to turn the nation’s back on basic science [online]. Available from: http://www.boingboing.net/2010/01/17/britains-business-se.html [Accessed 19th January 2010]. Personal email
If you wish to make reference to personal email messages then the following format is recommended. You should get a sender's permission to quote a message especially if you quote their email address. Sender (Sender's Email address (Day Month Year. Subject of Message. Email to recipient (Recipient's Email address. Example:
McConnell, D. (D.McConnell@sheffield.ac.uk (28th November 1997 Follow up to your interview. Personal email to L.Parker (l.a.parker@sheffield.ac.uk. Audio visual materials
Audiocassettes, CD-ROMs, film, microform, radio broadcasts,television, and videos When citing one of the above items information about the nature of the item should be given where necessary after the title. Example: Peters, T. (1991 Tom Peters Live. [Audiocassette]. Boulder,USA, CareerTrack Publications. Many CD-ROMs, films, videos and broadcasts are the co-operative work of many individuals. These should either be cited with the title as the first element, or if there is an individual with clear responsibility for the intellectual content his name should be used e.g. the director. Examples: Pride and Prejudice. [Video]. (1997 London, BBC. Encarta 98 Encyclopaedia. [CD-ROM]. (1998 New York, Microsoft Ltd. Henderson, David. (1985 Reith Lectures. BBC Radio 3 and 4. Nov - Dec 1985. Individual items within a programme should be cited as contributions. Example:
Thatcher, Margaret. (1986 Interview. In: Six O'Clock News.TV, BBC 1. 1986 Jan 29. 18.00hrs.

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