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TowntwinningTowntwinningisaconceptwherebytownsorcitiesingeographicallyandpoliticallydistinctareasarepairedwiththegoaloffosteringhumancontactandculturallinks.InEurope,suchpairsoftownsareknownastwintowns,friendshiptownsor,inGerman,partnertowns(Partnerstädte;inNorthAmericaandAustralasia,thetermsistercitiesisusedforthesameconcept;andbrothercities(города-побратимыisthetermintheformerSovietbloc.Twintownsoften(thoughbynomeansalwayshavesimilardemographicandothercharacteristics.Sometimes,evenlargerareasenterinto"twinning"agreements,suchasthatbetweentheprovincesofHainaninChinaandJejuinSouthKorea.Theconceptcanbelikenedtoascaledupversionofa"penpal"scheme,inwhichthe"pals"arewholetownsorcities.Inpractice,thetwinningarrangementsoftenleadtostudentexchangeprograms,aswellaseconomicandculturalcollaborations.EuropeTheearliestformoftowntwinninginEuropewasbetweentheGermancityofPaderbornandtheFrenchcityofLeMansin836,althoughthiswasnotofficiallyestablishedasamoderntowntwinningarrangementuntil1967.Theveryfirstofficialtowntwinningarrangementintheworldwasestablishedin1930betweentheGermancityofWiesbadenandtheAustriancityofKlagenfurt.
ThepracticeoftowntwinningwasdevelopedinEuropeaftertheSecondWorldWarasawaytobringEuropeanpeopleintoacloserunderstandingofeachotherandtopromotecross-borderprojectsofmutualbenefit.Anearlyexampleoftowntwinningdatesbackto1947whenBristolCouncilsentfive'leadingcitizens'onagoodwillmissiontoHanover.WhilestillmorepopularasaconceptinEuropethanelsewhere,theideahasnowspreadtoothercontinents,leadingtosomeveryinterestingpairings.WithinEurope,towntwinningisnowsupportedbytheEuropeanUnion.Thesupportschemewasestablishedin1989.In2003anannualbudgetofabout12millioneuroswasallocatedtoabout1,300projects.E.U.sistercitiesareaseparateaffiliationfromtheinternationalsistercitiesassociations.NorthAmericaThecityofVancouver,BritishColumbia,Canadawasoneofthefirstcitiesevertoenterintoaninternationaltwinningarrangementwhen,in1944,ittwinnedwiththeUkrainiancityofOdessa,whichatthetimewaspartoftheSovietUnion.ThiswasbasedonaidingthealliedportcityduringWorldWarII.However,Toledo,Ohio,andToledo,Spainbeganasistercityrelationshipthirteenyearsearlierin1931.TheAmerican"SisterCities"programwasbegunin1956byPresidentDwight

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