06-12 The flood of women into the job market boosted economic growth and changed U.S. society in many ways. Many in-home jobs that used to be done 47 by women----ranging from family shopping to preparing meals to doing 48 work——still need to be done by someone .Husbands and children now do some of these jobs, a 49 that has changed the target market for many products. Or a working woman may face a crushing “poverty of time “and look for help elsewhere, creating opportunities for producers of frozen meals, child care centers, dry cleaners, financial services, and the like.

Although there is still a big wage 50 between men and women, the income working women 51 gives them new independence and buying power. For example, women now 52 about half of all cars. Not long ago, many cars dealers 53 women shoppers by ignoring them or suggesting that they come back with their husbands. Now car companies have realized that women are 54 customers. It’s interesting that some leading Japanese car dealers were the first to 55 pay attention to women customers. In Japan, fewer women have jobs or buy cars — the Japanese society is still very much male—oriented. Perhaps it was the 56 contrast with Japanese society that prompted American firms to pay more attention to women buyers.

A）scale B）retailed C）generate D）extreme

E）technically F）affordable G）situation H）really

I）potential J）gap K）voluntary L）excessive

M）insulted N）purchase O）primarily

07-06 Years ago, doctors often said that pain was a normal part of life. In particular, when older patients __47__ of pain, they were told it was a natural part of aging and they would have to learn to live with it.

Times have changed. Today, we take pain __48__. Indeed, pain is now considered the fifth vital sign, as important as blood pressure, temperature, breathing rate and pulse in __49__ a person’s well-being. We know that chronic (慢性的) pain can disrupt (扰乱) a person’s life, causing problems that __50__ from missed work to depression.

That’s why a growing number of hospitals now depend upon physicians who __51__ in pain medicine. Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for depression and other psychological and social __52__ related to chronic pain. Such comprehensive therapy often __53__ the work of social workers, psychiatrists (心理医生) and psychologists, as well as specialists in pain medicine.

This modern __54__ for pain management has led to a wealth of innovative treatments which are more effective and with fewer side effects than ever before. Decades ago, there were only a __55__ number of drugs available, and many of them caused __56__ side effects in older people, including dizziness and fatigue. This created a double-edged sword: the medications helped relieve the pain but caused other problems that could be worse than the pain itself.

A) result I) determining B) involves J) limited C) significant K) gravely

D) range L) complained E) relieved M) respect F) issues N) prompting

G) seriously O) specialize H) magnificent

07-12 As war spreads to many comers of the globe, Children sadly have been drawn into the center of conflicts. In Afghanistan, Bosnia, and Colombia, however, groups of children have been taking part in peace education 47 .The children, after learning to resolve conflicts, took on the 48 of peacemakers. The Children’s Movement for peacemakers was even nominated(提名) or the Nobel peace prize in 1998. Groups of children 49 is peacemakers studied human rights an poverty issues in Colombia, eventually forming a group with five other schools in Bogota known a The Schools of Peace.

The classroom 50 opportunities for children to replace angry, violent behaviors with 51 ,peaceful ones. It is in the classroom that caring and respect for each person empowers children to take a step 52 toward becoming peacemakers. Fortunately, educators have access to many online resources that are 53 useful when helping children along the path to peace. The Young Peacemakers Club, started in 1992, provides a Website with resources for teachers and 54 on staring a Kindness Campaign. The World Centers of Compassion for Children International call attention to children’s rights and how to help the 55 of war. Starting a Peacemakers’ Club is a praiseworthy venture for a class an one that could spread to other classrooms an ideally affect the culture of the 56 school.

A) acting I) information B) assuming J) offers

C) comprehensive K) projects D) cooperative L) respectively

E) entire M) role F) especially N) technology

G) forward O) victims H) images

08—06 Some years ago I was offered a writing assignment that would require three months of travel through Europe. I had been abroad a couple of times, but I could hardly _47_ to know my way around the continent. Moreover, my knowledge of foreign languages was _48_ to a little college French.

I hesitated. How would I, unable to speak the language, _49_ unfamiliar with local geography or transportation systems, set up _50_ and do research? It seemed impossible, and with considerable _51_ I sat down to write a letter begging off. Halfway through, a thought can through my mind: you can learn if you don’t try. So I accepted the assignment.

There were some bad _52_. But by the time I had finished the trip I was an experienced traveler. And ever since, I have never hesitated to head for even the most remote of places, without guiders or even _53_ bookings, confident that somehow I will manage.

The point is that the new, the different, is almost by definition _54_. But each time you try something, you learn, and as the learning piles up, the world opens to you.

I’ve learned to ski at 40, and flown up the Rhine River in a _55_. And I know I’ll go on doing such things. It’s not because I’m braver or more daring than others. I’m not. But I’ll accept anxiety as another name for challenge and I believe I can _56_ wonders.

A) accomplish B) advanced C) balloon D) claim E) constantly F) declare G) interviews H)limited I) manufacture J) moments K) news L) reduced

M) regret N) scary O) totally

08-12 A bookless life is an incomplete life. Books influence the depth and breadth of life. They meet the natural______47_____for freedom, for expression, for creativity and beauty of life. Learners, therefore, must have books, and the right type of book, for the satisfaction of their need. Readers turn______48_____ to books because their curiosity concerning all manners of things, their eagerness to share in the experiences of others and their need to ____49 _____ from their own limited environment lead them to find in books food for the mind and the spirit. Through their reading they find a deeper significance to life as books acquaint them with life in the world as it was and it is now. They are presented with a __50 _____ of human experiences and come to ___51 ____ other ways of thought and living. And while ____52 ____ their own relationships and responses to life , the readers often find that the ___53__ in their stories are going through similar adjustments, which help to clarify and give significance to their own.

Books provide ___54 ____ material for readers’ imagination to grow. Imagination is a valuable quality and a motivating power, and stimulates achievement. While enriching their imagination, books __55 ____their outlook, develop a fact-finding attitude and train them to use leisure ___56 ___. The social and educational significance of the readers’ books cannot be overestimated in an academic library.

A. Abundant B. Characters C. Communicating D. Completely E. Derive F. Desire

G. Diversity H. Escape I. Establishing J. Narrow K. Naturally L. Personnel

M. Properly N. Respect O. Widen

09-06 Every year in the first week of my English class, some students inform me that writhing is too hard. They never write, unless assignments 47 it . They fine the writing process 48 and difficult.

How awful to be able to speak in a language but not to write in it- 49 English , with its rich vocabulary . Being able to speak but not write is like living in an 50 mansion(豪宅) and never leaving one small room . When I meet students who think they can’t write, I know as a teacher my 51 is to show them the rest of the rooms . My task is to build fluency while providing the opportunity inherent in any writing activity to 52 the moral and emotional development of my students . One great way to do this is by having students write in a journal in class every day.

Writing ability is like strength training. Writing needs to be done 53 , just like exercise ; just as muscles grow stronger with exercise , writing skills improve quickly with writing practice. I often see a rise in student confidence and 54 after only a few weeks of journal writing .

Expressing oneself in writing is one of the most important skills I teach to strengthen the whole student. When my students practice journal writing, they are practicing for their future academic, political, and 55 lives . They build skills so that some day they might write a great novel, a piece of sorely needed legislation, or the perfect love letter. Every day that they write in their journals puts them a step 56 to fluency , eloquence (雄辩), and command of language .

A) closer I) painful

B) daily J) performance

C) emotional K) profession

D) enhance L) remarkably

E) enormous M) require

F) especially N) sensitive

G) hinder O) urge

H mission

09-12 　In families with two working parents, fathers may have more impact on a child’s language development than mothers, a new study suggests.

　　Researchers 47 92 families form 11 child care centers before their children were a year old, interviewing each to establish income, level of education and child care arrangements. Overall, it was a group of well-class families, with married parents both living in the home.

　　When the children were 2, researchers videotaped them at home in free-play sessions with both parents, 48 all of their speech. The study will appear in the November issue of The Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology.

　　The scientists measured the 49 number of utterance (话语) of the parents, the number of different words they used, the complexity of their sentences and other 50 of their speech. On average, fathers spoke less than mothers did, but they did not differ in the length of utterances or proportion of questions asked.

　　Finally, the researchers 51 the children’s speech at age 3, using a standardized language test. The only predictors of high scores on the test were the mother’s level of education, the 52 of child care and the number of different words the father used.

　　The researchers are 53 why the father’s speech, and not the mother’s, had an effect.

　　“It’s well 54 that the mother’s language does have an impact,” said Nadya Pancsofar, the lead author of the study. It could be that the high-functioning mothers in the study had 55 had a strong influence on their children’s speech development, Ms. Pancsofar said, “or it may be that mothers are 56 in a way we didn’t measure in the study.”

　　A) already B) analyzed C) aspects D) characters E) contributing F) describing

　　G) established H) quality I) quoted J) recording K) recruited L) total

　　M) unconscious N) unsure O) yet

　　10-06 When we think of green buildings, we tend to think of new ones – the kind of high-tech, solar-paneled masterpieces that make the covers of architecture magazines. But the U.S. has more than 100 million existing homes, and it would be __47__ wasteful to tear them all down and __48__ them with greener versions. An enormous amount of energy and resources went into the construction of those houses. And it would take an average of 65 years for the __49__ carbon emissions from a new energy-efficient home to make up for the resources lost by destroying an old one. So in the broadest __50__, the greenest home is the one that has already been built. But at the same time, nearly half of U. S. carbon emissions come from heating, cooling and __51__ our homes, offices and other buildings. "You can't deal with climate change without dealing with existing buildings," says Richard Moe, the president of the National Trust.
　　With some __52__, the oldest homes tend to be the least energy-efficient. Houses built before 1939 use about 50% more energy per square foot than those built after 2000, mainly due to the tiny cracks and gaps that __53__ over time and let in more outside air.
　　Fortunately, there are a __54__ number of relatively simple changes that can green older homes, from __55__ ones like Lincoln's Cottage to your own postwar home. And efficiency upgrades (升级) can save more than just the earth; they can help __56__ property owners from rising power costs.
A) accommodations B) clumsy C) doubtful D) exceptions E) expand F) historic G) incredibly H) powering I) protect J) reduced K) replace L) sense M) shifted N) supplying O) vast

10-12 What determines the kind of person you are? What factors make you more or less bold, intelligent, or able to read a map? All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were 47 . The study of how genes and environment interact to influence 48 activity is known as behavioral genetics. Behavioral genetics has made important 49 to the biological revolution, providing information about the extent to which biology influences mind, brain and behavior.

　　Any research that suggests that 50 to perform certain behaviors are based in biology is controversial. Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can 51 based on something that is beyond your control, such as your genes? It is easy to accept that genes control physical characteristics such as sex, race and eye color. But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced, how 52 they are, or what career they are likely to choose? A concern of psychological scientists is the 53 to which all of these characteristics are influenced by nature and nurture(养育), by genetic makeup and the environment. Increasingly, science 54 that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits. From this perspective, people are born 55 like undeveloped photographs: The image is already captured, but the way it 56 appears can vary based on the development process. However, the basic picture is there from the beginning.

[A] abilities [I] extent [B] achieve [J] indicates[C] ppeal [K] proceeds [D] complaints

[L] psychological [E] contributions [M] raised[F] displayed [N] smart[G] essentially

[O] standard [H] eventually

11-06 The popular notion that older people need less sleep than younger adults is a myth, scientists said yesterday.
While elderly people 47 to sleep for fewer hours than they did when they were younger, this has a(n) 48 effect on their brain's performance and they would benefit from getting more, according to research.
Sean Drummond, a psychiatrist (心理医生) at the University of California, San Diego, said that older people are more likely to suffer from broken sleep, while younger people are better at sleeping 49 straight through the night.
More sleep in old age, however, is 50 with better health, and most older people would feel better and more 51 if they slept for longer periods, he said.
"The ability to sleep in one chunk (整块时间) overnight goes down as we age but the amount of sleep we need to 52 well does not change," Dr Drummond told the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference in San Diego.
"It's 53 a myth that older people need less sleep. The more healthy an older adult is, the more they sleep like they did when they were 54 . Our data suggests that older adults would benefit from 55 to get as much sleep as they did in their 30s. That's 56 from person to person, but the amount of sleep we had at 35 is probably the same amount we need at 75."

A) alert B) associated C) attracting D) cling E) continuing

F) definitely G) different H) efficiently I) formally J) function

K) mixed L) negative M) sufficient N) tend O) younger

11-12 With the world’s population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers, businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure an jobs. Underlying all this 47________ will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years.

Finding the resources to meet this demand in a 48________, sustainable way is the cornerstone of our nation’s energy security, and will be one of the major 49________ of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy --- bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few --- are 50________ being funded and developed, and will play a growing 51________ in the world’s energy supply. But experts say that, even when 52________, alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world’s energy needs by 2050.

For example, even with 53________ investments, such as the $93 million for wind energy development 54________ in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels 55________ only about 1% of the market today.

Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of 56________ --- both traditional and alternative.

A stable B solutions C significant D role E progress

F marvelous G included H growth I exactly J consist

K comprise L competitions M combined N challenges O certainly