现在进行时和现在完成进行时区分:
区分 have done 和 have been doing,我们需要从两个方面来讨论:
一、完成时态和完成进行时态本身意义的差别;
二、要结合动词的不同延续特点 .首先我们来看两种时态的意义差别
两者根本区别是: 完成进行时强调动作持续的过程 (emphasis on duration), 完成时强调动作的
结果或成就 (emphasis on achievement).具体来讲 ,现在完成进行时 have been doing 强调的是在
一段时期内某项活动的持续性 ,强调的是动作本身 .现在完成时 have done 则是强调动作产生
的结果或取得的成就 ,而不是动作本身 .二者的这种区别我们从下面的这些例句可以很好地领
悟到: (2) a. My hands are very dirty. I ’ ve been painting the house. b. I have painted the house green. The house was white, but now it ’s green.
思维分析:
句 a 中 have been painting 表示 painting 动作一直在持续 ,活动还没有结束 ,所以才有 my hands
are very dirty 这样的现状 .句 a 意思是“我的手很脏 ,我现在一直在给房间刷漆” .
句 b 中 have painted 表示 painted 动作已经结束 ,而且动作导致的结果是 the house was white, but
now it ’ s green 房间现在是绿色的了 .
现在完成时表示动作业已完成 , 而完成进行时却不一定如此
I ’ve made a cake. 我做了一个蛋糕 .(已做好)
I ’ve been making a cake. 我一直在做一个蛋糕 . (不一定做好了
She’ s painted a picture. 她画了一幅画 .(已画好)
She’ s been painting a picture. 她在画一幅画 .(可能还没画好 )
强调时间长度用完成进行时比较好: I’ve been coughing all night.
我咳了一整夜
.(比
I ’ve
coughed all night. 更能强调咳得久)
All the time she ’s been sitting there in silence. 她一直静坐在那里 .
All these years we ’ve been trying to get in touch with him. 这些年来我们一直在设法和他联系 .
许多静态动词都只能用于完成时而不能用于完成进行时:
I ’ve known that for a long time. 这事我已经知道很久了 .
The strike has lasted six months. 这次罢工已经持续了 6 个月 .
Nobody has seen him since last week. 从上周起就没人见到过他 .
raise in salary all the time. 他一直盼着加薪 .
但当意思发生转变时也可能用于完成进行时:
I ’ve been thinking of doing so for a long time. 我好久以来一直想这样做
.Tom has been seeing about a work permit for you. 汤姆一直在设法帮你取得工作许可证 .
有少数动词用两种时态都可以
,意思差别不大
,如:
They have been working very well this term.
这学期他们学习很好
. They have worked very well
this term.
It has been raining for two hours.
下了两个小时的雨
. It has rained for two hours.
过去完成时
一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点
概念: 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,
去( past-in-the-past )”。
即“过去的过
----|--------------------------
|-------------------------------|---------------------------->
那时以前
那时
现在
构 成 : 过 去 完 成 时 由 “ 助 动 词 had + 过 去 分 词 ” 构 成 , 其 中 had 通 用 于 各 种 人
称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 : 00 this morning.
二、过去完成时的判断依据
1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来, 各种时态都有特定的时间状语。 与过去完成时连用的时间状语有: ( 1 ) by + 过
去的时间点。
如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。
如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。
如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。
过去完成时表示 “过去的过去” ,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作, 即动作有
先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在: ( 1 )
宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时, 且从句的动作先于主句的动作时, 从句要用过去完成时。
在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等 动 词 后 的 宾 语 从 句 。
如: She said that she had seen the film before. ( 2 )状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,
要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如:
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意: before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。
如: Where did you study before you came here?
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
( 3 )表示意向的动词, 如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等,用过去完成时表示 "原本 , ,未能,"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3. 根据上、下文来判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
三、过去完成时的主要用法
1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去的过去”。如:
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒来时,雨已经停了。(主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”)
2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是“过去的过去”, 只有和过去某一时间或某一动
作相比较时才使用它。如:
He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )
3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用, 它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。
此时
多与 already , yet , still , just , before , never 等时间副词及 by , before , until
的短语或从句连用。
如
等引导
:
Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始, 一直延续到这一过去时间, 而
且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。
如: By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.
了 20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能)
(
had worked
已有
5.过去完成时也用于
hardly...when...
( 刚
,
就
,
)
, no sooner...than...
( 刚
,
就
, ) , It was the first time + that
等一些固定句型中。
He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him. 他刚离开房间,他们就议论起他来。 We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.
我们刚开始就被叫停。 | ||||||||
It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tune. 他用这样的语调跟我讲话, | 这是 | |||||||
第一次。 | ||||||||
四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 | ||||||||
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关, | ||||||||
其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的 | ||||||||
动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到 | ||||||||
它。试比较: | ||||||||
I have learned 1000 English words so far. | 到目前为止我已经学会了 | 1000个英语单 | ||||||
词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then. | 到那时为止我已经学会了 | 1000 个英语单词。 | ||||||
—I'm sorry to keep you waiting. | 对 | 不 | 起 | , | 让 | 你 | 久 | 等 |
了。 — Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. | ||||||||
没什么,我只等了几分钟。(“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在) — John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 — Where had he been?
他去哪儿了? (答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方, 即“过
去的过去”)
五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点:
1. 时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”; 而一般过去时只强调过去某一
特定的时间。试比较:
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。如:
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in t he composition competition.
3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后,因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如:
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
I (had) called her before I left the office.
重点
英语中, 已经有了一个过去一般时表示在过去发生的动作,
住:过去完成时的关键概念是:假设在过去发生了两件
一件是 B 事件,如果 A 、B 两个事件几乎是同时发生的,
为什么还有过去完成时呢?要记
(或以上 )的事件,一件是 A 事件,另
那就用一般过去时; 但是,如果 A 、
B 两个事件不是同时发生的,怎么办呢?那就是:哪个事件先发生,就用过去完成时;哪个
事件后发生,就用过去完成时。在上面的假设中,如果 A 事件先发生, A 就用过去完成时;
如果 B 事件先发生, B 就用过去完成时;而不管两件事是用什么样的时间状语或其它形式表示的。 请看例句:
[例 1] She said (that) she had never been to Paris. | |||
[例 2] When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. | |||
[例 3] We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. | |||
[例 4]Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. | [例 | ||
5 | ] | ||
The students were writing, busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office. | |||
在上面的五个例子中,我们只要稍微分析一下,就可以发现: | 每个例子讲述的内容中, | 都包 | |
含着两个 (或以上 )在过去发生的事件。我们将两件事抽取出来看一下,就非常明白:必定有 | |||
一件事是先生的,另一件是后发生的: | |||
[例 1],, | said,, had never been to (先没有“去”,后“说” | ) | |
[例 2],, | arrived ,, had run away. (先“跑”了,后“到” ) | ||
[例 3],, | had hoped ,, would come ,, didn't ( 先“希望”,后才发生“没去” ) | ||
[例 4],, | was disappointed,, had left ,, arrived ( 先“离开”,后“到达”和“失望” ) [例 5] | ||
,, were writing ,, went ,, had left (先“离开”,后“到”和“写”) 难点
过去完成时的难点在于: 有时候一句话中并没有出现两个事件, 因此无法比较两个事件的先后。那为什么也用过去完成时呢?请看下面的例句:
[例 1] By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
实际上,在上面的例句中,仍然有着“先、后”之分的。不过,这次不是 A 、 B 两件事件的
先后,而是有两个过去时间的“先、后”关系。
首先,句子中有个明确的过去时间点: 12 岁。说他“ 12 岁”,显然是过去式。那么,紧接
着说“他已经开始谋生了”,这个“谋生”是发生在“ 12 岁”时,还是“ 12 岁”前,还是
“12 岁”后?答案是肯定的:他的“谋生”发生在“ 12 岁”之前 ! 也就是说,“ 12 岁”已
经是一般过去时,而在“ 12 岁”之前发生的事,当然是过去完成时。所以,在那么多表示
时间状语的词中,大家要特别注意 By、 Until 等的用法。
可以说,在讲述过去的事件中,如果出现 By,, 时间状语,很有可能要用过去完成时了。
(当然,我说的是很有可能。 ) 类似的时间表达方式还有 Until 、Before 等。 只要大家把握了
过去完成时的基本含义,不管句子怎么变化,应该没有多大的问题。例如:[例 2 ]
Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six month.
此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有个明确的过去时间点 "then"( 那时 ),而
"hadn't heard"
发生
在 then 之前 (包括 then)。所以此句用的是过去完成时。再举两个例子,请大家自己分析:
[例 3] We had learned about 4000 English words by the end of last term.
[例 4] I waited until he had finished his homework.
[例 5] We had got to the station before 10:00.
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