城乡差距和城市化(Urbanisation /Urban sprawl)

什么叫城市化？

城市化是指在农村地区建立城镇，或者是城市不断向农村扩展(expansive growth of a metropolitan area)

1. Some findings have revealed that cities around the world are growing large. Could you outline the possible causes and predict consequences?

城市化的原因：

● 人口增加和移民(an unprecedented population growth and migration)造成基础设备不足（devoid of basic amenities）,导致原有的城市条件恶化(urban decay)，于是城市居民开始迁居城外，造成城市扩展

● 随着经济发展和家庭收入的提高(booming economy and increasing household incomes),人们开始喜欢低密度的住宅区(preference for lower-density housing)；由于可以支付的起交通费用(able to afford the automobile),使得人们更容易迁居城外

● 城市规划不当(bad city planning)导致基础设施的建设(construction of infrastructure)与地区统筹发展不协调(unplanned development)

城市化所造成的影响

● 环境影响(environmental impact )

ill health due to air pollution generated by traffic

Monotonous suburban landscapes;

● 社会影响(social impact)

城市人口流动增大（High mobility ）会导致犯罪率的上升(a surge in the crime rate)

● 经济影响(economic impact)

The adverse fiscal cannot meet the demand on infrastructure / increase the financial burden on the government/increase the infrastructure costs

Delay the delivery of goods and services

预防犯罪

1. The only way to improve road safety is to impose severe punishment for driving offences. Do you agree or disagree?

减少道路事故的方法

● 提高行人道路安全意识

● 增加警力和巡逻reinforce the police force and increase the patrol

● 加强对法规实施的监督enforce compliance with rules and regulations (e.g. seat-belts, motorcycle helmets, enforce speed limits, punish drinking driving, ensure all motor vehicles meet minimum safety standards)

● 改善路况 (e.g. increase traffic lights , road signs, speed camera)

● Raise the standards in the driving test

2. Police in Britain do not carry guns. Some people believe that unarmed police are unable to protect citizens, but some suggest that arming the police will lead to a surge in violence in society. Discuss both views and give your opinion

支持street patrols being routinely armed:

● Protect public who are becoming innocent targets

● 对于巡警而言，带枪是一种自我保护Bearing guns is a means of defence，因为警察本身可能面对致命的暴力（faced with deadly violence）

反对

● 警枪会助长使用枪支的风气police weapons add fuel to the gun culture

● 强制容易引起恐慌panic

● 警察配枪可能导致滥用枪支解决个人恩怨，最终导致执法不公increase the potential for miscarriages of justice, unofficial death penalty

Nowadays, the criminals set free from the prisons always tend to commit crimes again. What are the causes of this problem? What measures can be taken to solve this problem?

再犯罪的原因：

在监狱中受到消极影响，改造不彻底

出狱后不能自食其力，不能重新适应社会

受到偏见和歧视，就业和家庭生活很难恢复正常

个人的自卑和心理障碍

解决的措施：

改进改造方法，让罪犯的改造更为彻底。

改造时对罪犯进行心里辅导和职业培训，让他们彻底拜托犯罪心理，掌握自食其力的技能

防止罪犯间的消极交流

保障罪犯在返回社会后的就业和生活问题，尽量减少歧视。

Reasons for increase of teenagers’ criminal acts and give your measures to reduce it.

青少年犯罪增多的原因：

家庭方面：

不稳定的家庭生活unstable family life,单亲家庭增多single-parent households，孩子情感需求无法得到满足emotional needs left unattended

父母对孩子的教育不够妥善improper parental care，过分溺爱孩子，导致孩子为所欲为

家庭暴力使孩子形成畸形的心理状态，导致其走向暴力和犯罪。甚至有些家长虐待孩子，将其作为发泄的工具more and more parents show an inclination to abuse their children and treat them as an outlet of stress

教育方面：获得教育的机会不够limited access to education,小孩没有得到及时正确的引导导致其产生不良行为serious misconduct

社会方面：媒体暴力media violence(Many studies have made it clear that the upsurge in televised violence and the video games that have violence as the main theme is closely linked to young adults’ aggressive behaviors)、失业率unemployment rate、同龄群体的影响delinquent peer group;年轻人对物质财富、奢侈的生活方式的强烈追求a strong desire for material wealth and luxury lifestyles导致其不择手段illegitimate means。

解决方法：

家庭方面：关注孩子的成长，采取正确的教育方式。

教育方面：提供良好的教育机会和环境provide favorable educational opportunities and environment

社会方面：为年轻人提供更多的就业机会provide more job opportunities树立良好的社会风气

必备词汇：

犯罪行为、不良行为:criminal behaviors, wrongdoing, law-breaking, delinquency

青少年犯罪：juvenile delinquency

罪犯：criminal, lawbreaker，offender, delinquent

常见的犯罪：抢劫robbery ;绑架hijack;强奸rape；商店偷窃shoplift (shoplifter);走私smuggle;贩毒drug-trafficking（traffic交易）放火罪arson;杀人罪Offenses of Homicide\murder；故意伤害intentional injury\assault

犯罪的原因：

客观上：经济上的拮据和生活所迫be in financial strait; be herd up for money; be short of money，家庭的负面影响negative influence from family members

媒体的负面影响和误导the negative influence from the media

主观上：心理不正常abnormal psychology and behavior

性格缺陷character flaw

年轻人犯罪往往是因为同伴的压力和一时冲动the youth tend to commit a crime because of peer pressure and sometimes are on the spur of the moment

惩罚的方式：

监狱  

预防罪犯再犯罪，尤其是惯犯 prevent the criminals from recommitment especially\in particular\particularly the habitual criminals罪犯在监狱的行为受到监控不会对外界造成伤害。The criminals’ behaviors may be closely monitored and would not cause damage to the outside world.

抚慰受害者solace\comfort the victims

有震慑作用，可以警示潜在的犯罪人the deterrent effects may warn the potential criminals from committing crimes.

是正义战胜邪恶的象征 a sign of the triumph of justice over evil

教育、培训、心理辅导

改造罪犯最文明的方式是教育、心理治疗和感化it is the best way to correct the criminals by education; psychology treatment and inspiration are better to be taken最好被采取，是文明社会的标志shorter prison sentences are the symbol of a civilized society.一个文明的社会是以高的文化率和低的犯罪率为特征的 is characterized by\noted for a high literacy rate and low crime rate.

符合人权Is according to the human right.

帮助犯人回归社会，掌握自食其力的技能it is a better way to help the criminals to return the society, they can master some skills to support themselves\earn their bread\make a living让罪犯可以在出狱后为社会做贡献，弥补过错they can make contribution to the society to repair their mistakes.

预防犯罪的措施：

加强自我保护意识the awareness of self-protection should be enhanced

加强预防precautions，鼓励受害人报案encourage the victims to report a case to security authorities，同时设法消除受害人担心报复的心理meanwhile, approaches should be adopted to clear the fear of reprisal

完善法律体系perfect\better legal system. Especially, betterment should be done to the Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law, which may basically guarantee the life right and property right

加大法制宣传enlarge the scope of legal advocating make more and more people to known law better.  As a case in point, some related authorities and organizations could take some efforts to promote people's legal awareness and encourage them to combat social evils.