聪明文档网

聪明文档网

最新最全的文档下载
当前位置: 首页> 谢孟媛初级语法I-III全套汇编(可直接整理编辑)

谢孟媛初级语法I-III全套汇编(可直接整理编辑)

时间:2022-11-08 16:29:22    下载该word文档
,. 目录
Unit 1 名词、冠词 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1. 名词的种类 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. 名词的数 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2 3. 名词的所有格 ................................................................................................................................................................... 3 4. 冠词 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Unit 2 be动词·一般动词的现在式 ............................................................................................................................................... 5
be动词的现在式—amareis ......................................................................................................................................... 5 一般动词的现在式 ................................................................................................................................................................... 6 一般动词的否定句 ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 一般动词的疑问句 ................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Unit 3 be动词·一般动词的过去式 ............................................................................................................................................... 9
be动词的过去式 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9 be动词(过去式的否定句 ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 be动词(过去式的疑问句 ................................................................................................................................................... 10 一般动词的过去式 ................................................................................................................................................................ 10 一般动词(过去式的疑问句 ................................................................................................................................................. 12 Unit 4代名词
................................................................................................................................................................................ 13 人称代名词 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 13 所有代名词 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 14 反身代名词 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15 指示代名词 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 16 不定代名词 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 17 Units 5 时态
................................................................................................................................................................................. 20 现代简单式 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 20
,. 过去简单式 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 21 现在进行式 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 22 过去进行式 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 23 末来式 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Unit 6 WH问句、祈使句、感叹句 ....................................................................................................................................... 25 WH问句 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 25 祈使句 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 感叹句 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 谢孟媛初级英文文法 2 ................................................................................................................................................................ 29 Unit 1 比较 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 29 比较变化 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 29 形容词的比较级 .................................................................................................................................................................... 30 形容词的最高级 .................................................................................................................................................................... 32 副词的比较级、最高级 ........................................................................................................................................................ 32 Unit 2 不定词 .................................................................................................................................................................... 34 不定词的名词用法 ................................................................................................................................................................ 34 ◎不定词当受词 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 35 ◎不定词当补语 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 35 不定词的形容词用法 ........................................................................................................................................................... 36 不定词的副词用法 ................................................................................................................................................................ 36 含不定词的句型 .................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Unit 3 动名词 .................................................................................................................................................................... 38 ◎动名词当主词: .................................................................................................................................................................. 38 ◎动名词当受词: .................................................................................................................................................................. 38 ◎下列动词之后只能接V-ing ......................................................................................................................................... 39 ◎动名词当补语—动名词可位于be动词之后当补语。 ................................................................................................ 40
,. Unit 4 分词 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 41 现在分词 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 41 过去分词 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 41 现在分词的形容词用法 ....................................................................................................................................................... 41 过去分词的形容词用法 ....................................................................................................................................................... 42 分词的其它用法 .................................................................................................................................................................... 43 Unit 5 形容词 .................................................................................................................................................................... 44 1. 形容词的用法 ................................................................................................................................................................... 45 2. 表示数量的形容词 .......................................................................................................................................................... 46 3. 数词 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 47 数词的惯用表现 .................................................................................................................................................................... 48 Unit 6 副词 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 49 1. 副词的功用 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 49 2. 副词的种类 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Unit 7 动词 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 53 1. 连缀动词 (+形容词 ....................................................................................................................................................... 53 2. 授与动词 (有两受词,一为人,一为物 .................................................................................................................... 54 3. 使役动词“叫……(做……( ............................................................................................................................... 55 4. 感官动词 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 55 5. 情绪动词[使……(感到……] ....................................................................................................................................... 55 初级英文文法 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 56 Unit 1 现在完成式
.................................................................................................................................................................... 56 现在完成式的形式→have/has +过去分词。 ................................................................................................................. 56 现在完成式的使用时机 ........................................................................................................................................................ 57 特别注意的现在完成式 ........................................................................................................................................................ 60 练习
......................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
,. Unit 2 附加问句 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 62 附加问句的形式 .................................................................................................................................................................... 62 特别注意的附加问句 ............................................................................................................................................................ 63 Unit 3 被动语态 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 65 主动及被动 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 65 被动语态的形式→主词+ be V +过去分词+ by +行为者 ........................................................................................... 66 主动及被动的转换 ................................................................................................................................................................ 66 时态的被动语态形式 ............................................................................................................................................................ 66 各句型的被动语态形式 ........................................................................................................................................................ 68 特别注意的被动语态 ............................................................................................................................................................ 68 Unit 4 关系代名词 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 71 关系代名词的功用→连接词+代名词 ................................................................................................................................ 71 关系代名词的种类 ................................................................................................................................................................ 72 主格的关系代名词 ................................................................................................................................................................ 72 所有格的关系代名词 ............................................................................................................................................................ 73 受格的关系代名词 ................................................................................................................................................................ 73 特别注意的关系代名词 ........................................................................................................................................................ 74 修饰名词的字、片语、子句 ............................................................................................................................................... 77 Unit 5 间接问句 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 77 直接问句及间接问句 ............................................................................................................................................................ 77 间接问句的形成 .................................................................................................................................................................... 78 特别注意的间接问句 ............................................................................................................................................................ 79 练习 ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 80 Unit 6 连接词 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 81 连接词的功能 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 81 连接词总类 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 81
,. Unit 7 介系词 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 86 介系词的功能 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 86 表示时间的介系词 ................................................................................................................................................................ 86 表示地点的介系词 ................................................................................................................................................................ 88 重要的介系词 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 91

,.

Unit 1 名词、冠词
名词,用来表示人或事物、动物,能做为主语、补语、受词。其中可计数的,称为可数名词;不可计数的,称为不可数名词。
1. 名词的种类
普通名词 表示具有一定形状的个体,为可数名词,有单数/复数之分。
例:book(pencil(铅笔dog(spaceship(太空船等。 集合名词 表示一个单位的群体,或者表示被视做整体的人、事、物的集合体。
例:class(班级;班上的同学family(家庭;家人audience(听众等。 1. My family is large. 我家是一个大家庭。
2. My family are all early risers. 我的家人都起得早。
专用名词 如人名、地名等,用来表示其一特定的名称。无冠词,第一个字母须大写。
例:Bob(鲍伯Smith(史密斯April(四月London(伦敦……等。 ※下列专有名词需要加上定冠词the
the United States(美国The United Nations(联合国
物质名词 表示不具有一定形状的物质名词,如材料、食物、气体、液体等。一律用单数,但前面不加aan
例:glass(玻璃wood(木头paper(butter(奶油fruit(水果meat(sugar(air(空气gas(瓦斯water(等。
※物质名词在计算数量时,用容器或度量衡的单位来表示。即:数字+容器(度量衡+of+物质名词
例:1. a loaf of bread (一条面包 2. a cup of coffee (一杯咖啡
3. a sheet of paper (一张纸 4.a spoonful of sugar (一匙糖
抽象名词 表示观念、性质、动作、过程、状态等。原则上与“数”无关。前面不加aan,没有复数形式。
例:beauty(美丽honesty(诚实love(patience(耐心happiness(幸福music(音乐等。



,. 2. 名词的数
表示人或事物的名词中,有一些是可以计数的。个数只有一个的情形,称之为单数;个数超过一个时,称之为复数。
规则变化的复数名词
◎名词字尾加S——大部分名词
例:dog-dogs ( book-books ( girl-girls (女孩 ◎名词字尾为s shchxo→加es 例:class-classes (班级 bus-buses (公交车 dish-dishes (盘子
bench-benches (长凳 box-boxes (盒子
注意:名词字尾为子音+o时,复数名词加es,如tomatoes(蕃茄。但有例外,如photos(照片pianos(钢琴等。
◎名词字尾为子音+y→去y+ies 例:baby-babies (婴儿 story-stories (故事 city-cities (城市 lady-ladies (女士 ◎名词字尾为ffe→去ffe+ves 例:leaf-leaves (叶子 wife-wives (老婆 knife-knives (刀子 handkerchiefs(手帕chiefs(领袖roofs(屋顶 不规则变化的复数名词 ◎名词字尾加enren 例:ox-oxen (公牛 child-children (小孩 ◎改变元音
例:man-men (男人

woman-women (女人 goose-geese (

tooth-teeth (牙齿 mouse-mice (老鼠
◎单复数同形
例:fish-fish ( deer-deer (鹿 sheep-sheep (绵羊 Chinese-Chinese (中国人


Japanese-Japanese(日本人

,. 3. 名词的所有格
名词的所有格形式 ◎单数名词→名词's 例:the boy's schoolbag (男孩的书包 ◎复数名词→名词s' 例:a girls' school (一所女校 these students' teacher (这些学生的老师 ◎字尾非S的复数名词→名词's 例:children's playground (小孩的游乐园 特别注意的所有格用法 ◎共同所有格及个别所有格
共同所有格名词名词...名词's个别所有格名词's名词's...名词's例:1. Harry and Bill's father is a scientist. (HarryBill的父亲是一位科学家。
2. Harry's and Bill's fathers are scientists. (HarryBill的父亲都是科学家。
(生物所有格:ABB of A 例:1. 桌子的脚

the legs of the table 2. 车门(车子的门

the door of the car 3. 女孩的名字 the girl's name the name of the girl ◎所有格之后的名词,如在句中非常容易理解时,可以省略。
women's activities (女性的活动 Joan's dress (Joan的洋装


,. 例:1. She's going to the dentist's. (她要去看牙。
2. I met him at barber's. (我在理发院遇到他。
3. We like to eat lunch at McDonald's. (我们喜欢去麦当劳吃午餐。
4. 冠词
冠词可分为不定冠词a(an及定冠词the,它通常放在名词之前,用来修饰名词。
aan的用法a+字音开头的单数名词

an+母音开头的单数名词例:a book(一本书 a girl(一个女孩 a young man(一位年轻人

an apple(一个苹果 an umbrella(一把伞 an old woman(一个老女人
a(an的发音
一般来说a[ə]an[ən],但强调“一个”时,特别加重语气可读成a[e]an[æn] 1. I read a novel.
[ə

2. I read a novel, not two. [e] The的用法 定冠词the可用来限定可数名词及不可数名词,可表示单数及复数。也可用来限定形容词。其在母音前,读[ðiː];子音前则读[ðə] 例:1. Please shut the door. (请关门。
2. The rich aren't always happy. (有钱人并非是快乐的。
the+形容词泛指"……的人",代表复数。
比较:
不定冠词(a &an 表示不特定之事物 只能接可数名词 只能用于单数

定冠词(the 表示特定之事物
可接可数名词及不可数名词 可用于单数及复数


,. Unit 2 be动词·一般动词的现在式
be动词的现在式—amareis be动词的含意 a.(表状态

主词+be动词
主词 第一人称 第二人称
第三人称.单数名词 be动词的否定句
※含有be动词(amareis的肯定句变为否定句时,在be动词之后加not(即可。
肯定句:主词+am(areis. 否定句:主词+ am(areis+not. 例:He is a good baseball player. (他是位好的棒球员。
(否定句He is not a good baseball player. (他不是位好的棒球员。
= He's not a good baseball player. =He isn't a good baseball player. be动词的疑问句
※含有be动词(amareis的肯定句变为疑问句时,将be动词拿到主词前,句尾加(?即可。
肯定句:主词+am(areis. 疑问句:Am(AreIs+主词…? 例:l. That is his camera. (那是他的照相机。
be动词 am are is 例句 I am a boy. You are my sons. He is my student. 例:We are happy. (我们很高兴。 b.(表存在
例:She is in America. (她在美国。


,. (疑问句 Is that his camera? (那是他的照相机吗?
2. The girl is a junior high school student. (那女孩是国中生。 (疑问句 Is the girl a junior high school student? (那女孩是国中生吗? be动词开头的疑问句,可用yesno回答。而答句中的主词,须用代名词。
(问句 Am (AreIs+主词…? (答句
Yes,主词+am(areis No,主词+am(areis 例:1. Is that man your math teacher? (那个人是你们的数学老师吗?
(答句 Yes, he is. / No, he's not. (是,他是。/ 不,他不是。
2. Are you eating your lunch? (你正在吃你的午餐吗? (答句 Yes, I am. / No, I'm not. (是,我是。/ 不,我不是。
一般动词的现在式
(1 一般动词的含义
举凡日常生活中具体的动作,(如:吃饭→eat走路→walk...及抽象的动作,(如:喜欢→like思考→think...皆为一般动词。 (2 主词+一般动词
现在式的句子中,主词为第三人称单数时,一般动词须加ses 人称 第一人称 第二人称
单数
I like dogs. You like dogs. 复数
We like dogs. You like dogs. They like dogs. 第三人称
He likes dogs. ※一般动词加ses的方法:


,. ◎大部分动词加s,其发音为[s][z] 例:worksplays [ks] [ez] ◎一般动词字尾为osshch时,加es
例:goes [ɡoz] washes [waʃiz] watches [watʃiz] ◎一般动词字尾为子音加y时,须去y再加ies
例:crycries [kraiz] havehas have(有;吃的单数动词为has 1. They have a lot of money. (他们有许多钱。 2. He has a lot of money. (他有许多钱。
studystudies ['stʌdɪz] 一般动词的否定句
※含有一般动词的肯定句变为否定句时,不可直接在一般动词之后加not,必须使用助动词dodoes。而dodoes之后必定出现原形动词。
do→用于主词为Iyou、复数。 does→用于主词为第三人称单数。 肯定句:主词+一般动词…
否定句:主词+do/ does + not +原形动词…
例:l. The twin brothers go to school by bus. (这对双胞胎兄弟搭公交车上学。 (否定句 The twin brothers do not go to school by bus. =The twin brothers don't go to school by bus. (这对双胞胎兄弟不搭公交车上学。 2. Sam has dinner at the restaurant. (Sam在那家餐厅吃晚餐。 (否定句 Sam does not have dinner at the restaurant. =Sam doesn't have dinner at the restaurant. (Sam不在那家餐厅吃晚餐。


,. ※比较→否定句
a. be动词: He is my boyfriend. (他是我男朋友。

He isn't my boyfriend. (他不是我男朋友。
b. 一般动词:
He likes dogs. (他喜欢狗。
He doesn't like dogs. (他不喜欢狗。
一般动词的疑问句
※含有一般动词的肯定句变为疑问句时,不可将一般动词拿到主词前,必须使用助动词dodoesdodoes之后,必定出现原形动词。
肯定句:主词+一般动词…
疑问句:Do/Does+主词+原形动词…?
例:l. You visit your grandmother on Sundays. (你每逢假日探访你祖母。
(疑问句 Do you visit your grandmother on Sundays? (你每逢星期日探访你祖母吗?
2. He comes from England. (他来自英国。
(疑问句 Does he come from England? (他来自英国吗?
※助动词dodoes开头的疑问句,YesNo之后,也须用dodoes做简答。
(问句 Do / Does+主词+原形动词…? (答句 Yes, 主词+do/does. No, 主词+don't/doesn't. 例:Does the little boy go to school? (这小男孩上学了吗? (答句 Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't. (是,他是。/ 不,没有。
※比较→疑问句
a. be动词: She is beautiful. (她是美丽的。
Is she beautiful? Yes, she is.


,. (她美丽吗? (是的,她是。
b.一般动词: She loves tennis. (她喜欢网球。
Does she love tennis? Yes, she does. (她喜欢网球吗? (是,她喜欢。
Unit 3 be动词·一般动词的过去式
be动词的过去式
waswere
现在式
am
was be动词
is are were 过去式
过去式be动词表示''过去时间中发生的状态" 1. (现在式 He is busy now.(他现在很忙。
(过去式 He was busy then.(他那时很忙。
2. (现在式 My parents are at home now.(我父母现在在家。
(过去式 My parents were at home yesterday.(我父母昨天在家。 ※时间副词改变,动词也必须改变
be动词(过去式的否定句
含有be动词(waswere的肯定句变为否定句时,在be动词之后加not (即可。
肯定句:主词+was(were... 否定句:主词+was(were+not... 例:1. Mr. Brown was a vet. (Brown先生是一位兽医。 (否定句 Mr. Brown was not a vet. (Brown先生不是兽医。


,.
= Mr. Brown wasn't a vet. 2. Joe and Brian were in the living room at that time. (那时JoeBrain在客厅。 (否定句 Joe and Brain were not in the living room at that time. = Joe and Brain weren't in the living room at that time. (那时JoeBram不在客厅。
be动词(过去式的疑问句
含有be动词(waswere的肯定句变为疑问句时,将be动词放到主词前,句尾加问号(?即可。
肯定句:主词+was(were... 疑问句:Was(Were+主词…? 例:1. Wendy was in the seventh grade last year. (Wendy去年是七年级。 (疑问句 Was Wendy in the seventh grade last year? (Wendy去年读七年级吗? be动词开头的疑问句,可用yesno回答。而答句中的主词,须用代名词。
(问句 Was(Were+主词…? (答句 Yes, 主词+was(were. No, 主词+was(were+not. 例:Were you a pianist? (你是钢琴家吗? (答句Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't. (是,我是。/ 不,我不是。
一般动词的过去式
一般动词的过去式,分为规则变化及不规则变化。 (1 规则变化→…ed 原形动词+ed 例:helphelped (帮忙 原形动词字尾有e+d 例:loveloved ( dancedanced (跳舞

spellspelled (拼字 wantwanted (想要

,. 原形动词为子音+短母音+子音→重复字尾+ed 例:stopstopped (停止 原形动词字尾为子音+y→去y+ied 例:studystudied (读书 (2 不规则变化
例:eatate ( readread ( riderode ( comecame (
gowent ( havehad (; seesaw ( teachtaught ( givegave ( taketook (
例:1. I walk to school every day. (我每天走路上学。 (过去式I walked to school yesterday.(我昨天走路上学。
2. Mother goes to a supermarket every morning. (妈妈每天上超巿。
(过去式 Mother went to a supermarket yesterday morning. (妈妈昨天早上上超巿。 ※主词为第三人称单数时,过去式动词不须加s 一般动词(过去式的否定句
※含有一般动词(过去式的肯定句变为否定句时,不可直接在一般动词之后加not,必须使用过去式助动词did(分人称。而did之后,必定出现原形动词。
肯定句:主词+一般动词(过去式 否定句:主词+did not+原形动词…
例:l. He called you last night. (他昨晚打电话给你。
(否定句 He did not call you last night. (他昨晚没打电话给你。


= He didnt call you last night. crycried(. planplanned (计划
2. My sister and I watched TV all day yesterday. (我姊姊昨天和我看了一整天的电视。 (否定句 My sister and I did not watch TV all day yesterday. = My sister and I didn't watch TV all day yesterday. (我姊姊昨天和我并没有整天看电视。
比较:否定句(过去式


,. a. be动词: She was at home. (她在家。
She wasn't at home. (她不在家。
b. 一般动词:
She studied English. (她学英语。 She didn't study English. (她没学英语。
一般动词(过去式的疑问句
※含有一般动词(过去式的肯定句变为疑问句时,不可将一般动词拿到主词前,必须使用过去式助动词did。而did之后,必定出现原形动词。
肯定句:主词+一般动词(过去式 疑问句:Did+主词+原形动词...? 例:1. His friends went to that movie last week. (他的朋友上星期去看了那部电影。 (疑问句 Did his friends go to that movie last week? (他的朋友上星期看了那部电影吗? (答句 Yes, they did. / No, they didn't. (是的,他们看了。/ 不,他们没看。
2. Grace wrote a letter to David. (Grace写了一封信给David (疑问句 Did Grace write a letter to David? (Grace写信给David了吗? (答句 Yes, she did. / No, she didn't. (是,她写了。/ 没,她没有。
比较:疑问句(过去式
a. be动词: He was sick. (他病了。
Was he sick? (他病了吗?
b. 一般动词:
He did his homework. (他做功课了。 Did he do his homework? (他做功课了吗?


,. Unit 4代名词
人称代名词
人称代名词的人称及格

主格
人称 第一人称 第二人称
I you he 第三人称
she it 第一人称→说话者

第二人称→听话者
第三人称→第一人称及第二人称话题中提到者 主格、所有格、受格的用法
主格+动词 所有格+名词
一般动词+受格/介系词+受格 例:1. He likes sports. (他喜欢运动。
2. His friends are over there. (他的朋友们在那里。 3. The girl loves him very much. (那女孩非常爱她。
It的用法
it可表示天候、时间、距离
例:l. It rains a lot in Taipei in spring. (it表天候

单数 复数
所有格 受格 主格 所有格 受格
my your his her its me you him her it we you our your us you they their them
,. (台北春天下很多雨。
2. It was two o'clock when he came back home. (it表时间 (他两点回到家。
3. It is five kilometers from here to the airport. (it表距离 (从这里到机场距离是5公里。
it表示某一状况→此时多半是说话的人及听话的人都能了解的特定状况。
例:1. A: Who knocked at the door? (谁敲门?
B: I thought it was Jack. (我想是Jack 2. It's all up to you. (一切由你决定。 3. I like it here. (我喜欢这里。 4. I don't feel like it. (我不想。
It可以当假主词→代替一件事
例:1. It is difficult to learn Spanish. (西班牙文很难学。 (假主词
2. It's important that you should tell the truth. (你该说实话,这很重要。 3. It's no use telling him about it.(告诉他这件事是没用的。 (假主词
weyouthey的特殊用法
例:1. We had a heavy rain yesterday. (昨天下了一场大雨。
2. You don't see many Chinese there. (在那里看不到许多中国人。 3. They speak English in Canada. (在加拿大说英语。
所有代名词
单数
复数

所有格
所有代名词
所有格
所有代名词
人称 第一人称
my
mine
our
ours

(假主词
,. 第二人称 your his yours his hers its your yours 第三人称 her its their theirs 所有代名词的用法
所有代名词=所有格+名词
例:1. Your house is bigger than mine (=my house. (你家比我家大。
2. My bicycles are here and his (=his bicycles are there. (我的脚踏车在这里,而他的在那里。 ※所有代名词所代替的名词,要与前者提到的名词单、复数相同。 伴随双重所有格:
冠词、所有格不可同时放在名词前 指示形容词、不定形容词例:I met one of my old friends on the way home. (我在回家途中遇到我的一位老朋友。
= an old friend of mine 名词的所有代名词=所有格
例:My dog is black, and Jason's is white. (我的狗是黑的,而Jason的是白的。
= Jason's dog 反身代名词
反身代名词的形成
第一、二人称→所有格+ self(单数 / selves(复数 第三人称→受格+ self(单数 / selves(复数

第一人称 第二人称 第三人称

单数 myself yourself himself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves
,. herself itself 反身代名词的用法
例:l. You always talk to yourself. (你老是自言自语。
2. The little girl hurt herself. (这小女孩受伤了。
3. He can do it by himself. (他能够独自做这件事。 (强调句:He himself can do it. 4. I saw the singer himself. (我看见那位歌手本人。
指示代名词
用来指示人或事物的代名诃,称之为指示代名词。 this(these / that(those ◎一般用法
用于人或事物。离说话者距离近者用this(these;距离远者用that(those 例:1. This is my mask, and that is Mary's. (这是我的面具,而那是Mary的。
2. Who is this? (你是谁?→电话用语。
Who was that on the telephone? (电话上那人是谁? 3. Things are easier these days. (这几天事情简单多了。
◎代替用法
代替已经叙述过的字。代替单数名词用that;代替复数名词用those。但this(these无此用法。 例:1. The weather in Taipei is cooler than the weather in Kaohsiung.
=The weather in Taipei is cooler than that in Kaohsiung. (台北的天气比高雄凉爽。 2. Her interests are different from the interests of her childhood.
=Her interests are different from those of her childhood. (她现在的兴趣和她童年时的不同。
so 作为动词的受词或补语,指前面出现过的字或是句子。
例:l. A: Will it be fine tomorrow. (明天天气好吗?


,. B: I hope so. (我希望如此。
(=I hope that it will be fine tomorrow. 2. Do you still feel sick? If so, you must see the doctor. (你仍然不舒服吗?如果是的话,你必须看医师。
3. Nancy can play the violin, and so can I. (Nancy会拉小提琴,而我也会。 She is smart. So she is. (她很聪明。她的确如此。 She is smart. So is he. (她很聪明。他也是。
such 有“那样的事物(”之意,可当代名词、形容词,也可用于单复数。
例:1. They will plant flowers such as roses, sunflowers. (他们将种些花,例如玫瑰,向日葵。
2. I don't know such a man. (我不认识这样的人。 such(+a(+形容词+名词
3. Have you tasted any such food before? (你以前曾经尝试过任何这样的食物吗? such前可接allotheranotheranyfeweveryno等。 same 一般都加the,表示“相同的……(事物”之意。
例:l. A: Can I have a cup of coffee, please? (请给我杯咖啡好吗?
B: Give me the same, please. (我也要咖啡。
2. He uses the same typewriter as I do. (他使用和我相同的打字机。
不定代名词
表示不特定的人或物,或者是表示非一定数量的代名词,称作不定代名词。有时也具有形容词的用法。
例:1. Some of the boys like English. (这些男孩当中有些喜欢英文
(代名词
2. Some boys like English. (有些男孩喜欢英文 (形容词
one /ones


,. one等于a/an+单数名词,用来指不特定的人或物。如果不特定的人或物是多数时,则用ones 例:1. I have lost my watch and I have to buy one (=a watch. (我弄丢了我的表,我必须再买一只。
2. I like small cars better than large ones (cars. (我喜欢小车胜于大车。 one = a/an+单数名词 it = the+单数名词
例:1. Here are some apples. Take one. (这里有些苹果。拿一个吧!
2. I bought a good camera. I'll lend it (=the camera to you. (我买了一台相机。我会把它借给你。 both/all 用法:both(两者都,用于二个人或二个东西,常用作复数。
All(全部;所有的可用于人及事物。代表可数名词时,总数为三以上。也可代表不可数名词。 位置:be动词或助动词之后。
一般动词之前。
定冠词(the、所有格、数词、形容词之前。
例:1. Both of her children went to New York. (她的两个小孩都去了纽约。
2. I've read both these papers. (我看过这两份报纸了。 3. All of my money was stolen. (我的钱都被偷了。 4. You may take all these toys. (你可以拿所有的玩具。
You may take them all. 注意:bothall出现于否定句,表示“部分否定”
例:1. I do not know both of her parents. (她的父母亲我并非都认识。
= I know just one of her parents. 2. Not all of them come from England. (他们并非都来自英国。
=Just some of them come from England.
either/neither either: "两者中不论哪一个都可以但是只选其中一个"之意。
neither:both的否定。表"两者都不…"意指全部否定。本身为否定字,不可和not同时出现。


,. 例:1. Do you know either of the visitor? (你认识这两位访客中的任何一位吗?
2. I don't like both hats. (这两顶帽子我并非都喜欢。 I like neither of the hats. (这两顶帽子我都不喜欢。
either, neither也有副词用法。
例:Bill didn't come to my party, and ken didn't, either. (=and neither did Ken. (Bill没来参加我的派对,而Ken也没有。
some /any 一般而言,some用于肯定句,any用于否定句,疑问句及条件句。可代替可数名词及不可数名词。 例:1. Some of the boys were late. (这些男孩当中有些迟到了。
2. Some of my money was stolen from my purse. (我皮夹里有些钱被偷了。 3. Please lend me some money if you have any. (如果你有钱的话,请借我一点。 4. Do you have any magazines to read? (你有杂志可读吗? other /another other: "其它(人、事物"之意,其复数为others
another: an + other衍生而来,表示不特定的"另一个别的人、事物",无复数形。 例:1. I have two students. (我有两个学生。
One is short; the other is tall. (一位矮个子;另一个高个子。 2. I have three flowers. (我有三朵花。

One is red; the others are yellow. (一朵红的;其它黄的。
One is red; another is yellow; the other is pink. (一朵红的;另一朵黄的;还有一朵粉红的。 3. I don't like this one;
show me another. (让我看另一个。
show me the other.(“两个之中”让我看另一个。
4. Some of the boys are here, but where are the others? (有些男孩在这里,但其它人呢? 5. Some people said yes and others said no. (有些人说是,其它的说不。


,. 比较:

其它:none…等
none:可表示人或事物,可用于可数名词及不可数名词。 several:表示“数个(,数个(,只用于可数名词的复数。
most:表示“大部分人(事物,可用于可数名词的复数, 或不可数名词,通常前面不加冠词the 例:1. None of the telephones is (are working. (这些电话中没有一支可用。
2. Several of my friends attended the meeting. (我的朋友中有几位参加了会议。 3. Most of it is true. (大部分是眞的。
4. Most of the people know it. (大部分人都知道这件事。
most可当形容词,为many, much的最高级,前面可加冠词the
例:1. Who got the most New Year's cards? (谁收到最多新年卡?)
2. She is the most beautiful girl that I've ever seen. (她是我看过最美的女孩。
Units 5 时态
现代简单式
动词形式:be动词:am / are / is 一般动词:主词为第三人称单数,一般动词加s
时间副词:now (现在every+时间(每天…… 使用时机


,. ◎表示现在的状态或动作
例:1. There are many visitors in the zoo. (动物园里有许多游客。
2. Here comes the bus. (公交车来了。
◎表示现在习惯性的动作
例:1. David often sleeps during class. (David常在上课时睡觉。
2. My parents take exercise in the park every morning. (我父母每天早上在公园做运动。
◎表示不变的事实、真理
例:The earth moves around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。
过去简单式
动词形式:be动词:was /were 一般动词:过去式动词,分为规则变化及不规则变化。
时间副词:yesterday昨天
yesterday morning (afternoon, evening 昨天早上(下午、晚上 the day before yesterday前天 last+时间(上…
例:last week上星期 last night昨天晚上 last year去年 时间+ago (…前
例:two hours ago (二小时前 five days ago (五天前 before以前
then(=at that time那时
使用时机
◎表示过去的动作或状态
例:1. I bought this yesterday. (我昨天买了这个。
2. There was an old temple over there. (那里以前有座古庙。


,. ◎表示过去习惯性的动作
例:My father used to smoke, but now he doesn't. (我父亲以前常吸烟,但现在不抽了。
现在进行式
动词形式:be动词(am, are, is+V-ing V-ing的形成
原形动词+ing→大部分动词
例:talktalking saysaying speakspeaking 原形动词字尾有e→去e + ing 例:havehaving writewriting comecoming 原形动词为子音+短母音+子音→重复字尾+ing 例:putputting cutcutting swimswimming 例:We are eating breakfast. (我们现在正在吃早餐。
比较:1. We ate breakfast before going to school. (我们上学前已经吃过早餐。
2. We eat breakfast every morning. (我们每天早上吃早餐。
使用时机
◎表示现在正在进行的动作。
例:John is watching the baseball game on television. (John正在看电视上的棒球赛。 ◎表不重复发生的动作。常伴随着always, all the time, again and again等副词或副词词组。
例:l. He is always complaining. (他老是抱怨。
2. The car is breaking down all the time. (这辆车老是故障。
◎表示最近的未来即将发生的动作。此用法常用于某些动词, 如:come, go, start, leave, arrive等。
例:1. I'm leaving for Kenting tomorrow. (我明天前往垦丁。
2. My boyfriend is coming to see me this afternoon. (我男朋友今天下午即将来看我。 注意:某些动词不可用于进行式中。


,. "感官"的动词→see, hear, smell等。 "情感"的动词→lovelike等。 其它→have, know
例:I'm seeing the bird in the tree. ( ×

I'm looking at the bird in the tree. ( (我正在看树上的那只鸟。
过去进行式
动词的形式:was(were+V-ing 例:He was playing frisbee in the park then. (那时他正在公园玩飞盘。 使用时机
◎表示过去某一时点正在进行的动作。
例:l. We were playing chess at eight yesterday evening. (昨晚8点我们正在下棋。
2. Lily was talking a bath when the doorbell rang. (门铃响时Lily正在洗澡。
◎表示过去时间某一期限中,反复性的动作。
例:1. Whenever I visited him, he was watching TV. (无论何时我去看他,他都在看电视。
2. In those days, we were getting up at six o'clock. (在那些日子,我们都六点起床。
末来式
未来式用来表示发生于未来的动作或状态,常用be going towill be going to+原形动词 be going to的涵义
be gomg to在用于表现未来时,常表示用于实现性非常高的事或事先计划好的行为。 时间副词
tomorrow明天
tomorrow morning (afternoon, evening 明天早上(下午、晚上 the day after tomorrow后天


,. next+时间(下…
例:next week (下星期 next year (明年 in+时间 在…(时间
例:in a few days在几天后 in a week在一周之后
例:l. I'm going to visit my uncle tomorrow. (明天我要去探望我叔叔。
2. I have to buy the ladder because I'm going to paint the house. (我必须买个楼梯,因为我打算油漆房子。
3. I don't feel good; I'm afraid I'm going to be sick. (我觉得不舒服;恐怕我要生病了。 4. Are they going to have a party on Cristmas Eve? (圣诞前夕他们打算开派对吗?
will(将要+原形动词 will+原形动词
will为表示未来的助动词,且不分人称,其后须接原形动词。
例:l. We will leave junior high school soon. (不久我们将自国中毕业。
=We are going to leave junior high school soon. =We are leaving junior high school soon.
2. I will be fifteen years old next year. (明年我就15岁了。 ( I am going to be fifteen years old next year. ※年龄不须事先计划,所以不可用be going to 3. A: I can't move the large box. (我搬不动这大箱子。 B: Ill do it for you. (我来帮你。 (
I am going to do it for you. ※很明显地,这并不是事先计划好的行为,所以不可用be going to 4. I will not change my mind. (我将不改变主意。 = I'll not change my mind.
= I won't change my mind.


,. 5. Will people live on Mars in the future? (人类未来会在火星上生存吗?
Will you? Will you…另外可表示请求或邀约。 表请求→Will you?
回答:Sure. / Ok. / All right.
No, I can't. / I'm sorry. I can't. 表邀约→Will you?
回答:Yes, thank you. / Yes, please.
No, thank you. 例:1. Will you look after the baby for me? (请你替我照顾这宝宝好吗?
Sure. (没问题。
I'm sorry, but I can't. (抱歉,我不能。
2. Will you have another cup of coffee? (你要再来杯咖啡吗? Yes, please. (请再给我一杯。 No, thank you. (不,谢谢。
Unit 6 WH问句、祈使句、感叹句
WH问句
疑问词(Wh~how为首的疑问句,称为WH问句,而疑问词可分为疑问代名词,疑问副词及疑问形容词。
疑问代名词:whatwhowhichwhose 疑问副词:whenwherewhyhow 疑问形容词:whatwhosewhich
疑问代名词的用法 ◎疑问词当主词
句型:疑问词+动词~


,. 例:l. Who is cooking in the kitchen? Kate and Mary are. (谁在厨房做饭?是KateMary
2. What is there under your bed? (你床底下有什么? ※疑问词当主词时,视为单数,其后接单数动词。 ◎疑问词当补语
句型:疑问词+be动词+主词~
例:1. Whose are these toys? (这些玩具是谁的?
2. Who is that tall boy? (那高个子男孩是谁?
◎疑问词当受词
句型:疑问词+助动词+主词+原形动词~
例:Which do you want to take? (你想要拿哪一个? 疑问副词的用法
句型:疑问词+ be动词+主词~
助动词+主词+原形动词~
例:1. When are you leaving America? (你何时离开美国?
2. Where do you come from? (你来自哪里? 3. Why is he absent? (他为何缺席了? 4. How did you come here? (你如何到这里?
疑问形容词的用法
句型:疑问词+名词+ be动词+主词~
助动词+主词+原形动词~
例:1. Which one do you like best? (你最喜欢哪一个?
2. Whose house is this? (这是谁的房子?
whathow的疑问句
例:1. What time is it? (现在几点?


It's eight -ten. (现在810分。

,. 2. What day is it? (今天星期几?

It's Sunday. (今天星期日。 3. What date is it? (今天几月几日?

It's October 10. (今天1010日。
4. What's the weather like today? (今天天气如何?



= How's the weather today? It's cold. (很冷。
5. How old will you be next year? (你明年几岁?

I'll be ten. (我明年10岁。 6. How tall are you? (你多高

I'm 160 centimeters tall. (160公分。 / I'm five feet three inches tall. (53吋高。 7. How high is Mt.Everast? (圣母峰有多高?

It's 8848meters high. (8848公尺。
8. How many cups of coffee do you drink every day? (你每天喝几杯咖啡? 9. How much coffee do you drink every day? (你每天喝多少咖啡? 10. How long will you stay in Taipei? (你将在台北待多久? For two weeks. (2星期
11. How long is the rope? (这条绳子多长? It's two meters long. (2公尺。
12. How often do you play tennis? (你多久打一次网球? Once a month. (一个月一次。
13. How far is it from here to the post office? (从这里到邮局有多远? It's about ten minutes' walk. (走路大约10分钟。
祈使句



,. "希望、请求、命令"的句子,称为祈使句。
一般祈使句→原形动词~ 否定祈使句→Don't(Never+原形动词~ 邀请祈使句→Let's+原形动词~ 例:1. Be quiet, please. (请安静。
2. Please stop talking and listen to me. (请不要讲话听我说。 = Will you please stop talking and listen to me? 3. Don't drink before you drive. (开车前勿喝酒。
4. Never make the same mistake again. (别再犯同样的错误。 5. Let's go for a walk. (咱们去散步吧。 Yes, let's. / No, let's not. (好的。 / (不,不要。
比较:Let's play outside. (咱们一起去外面玩吧!
Let us play outside. (拜托你让我们去外面玩。

感叹句
"惊讶、惊喜、感动、难过"等意思,并带有赞叹或感叹意味的句子,为感叹句。 句型:What +a (an+形容词+名词+ (主词+动词
How+形容词(副词+ (主词+动词
例:l. What a beautiful dress (this is! (这件洋装好美啊!
= How beautiful this dress is! 2. How interesting this novel is! (这本小说好有趣啊! 3. How fast he runs! (他跑的好快呀! 4. What a day! 多棒(的一天呀!


,. 感叹句中,有时会将形容词省略,听者必须依照说话者谈话的内容或表情来判断其涵义。
比较:直述句:You are a very good girl. (你是很棒的女孩。
祈使句:Be a very good girl. (当个乖女孩。
感叹句:What a good girl you are! (你真是一位很棒的女孩!
谢孟媛初级英文文法
2
Unit 1 比较
比较变化
为了表示性质、程度等差异,形容词在字形上所做的变化,称为比较。比较分为原级、比较级、最高级。 (1规则变化
变化

原级

1. +er, est 2. 级字尾有e+r, st 3. 级为短母音+子音→重复字尾+er, est 4. 级字尾为子音+y→去y+ier, iest 5. 音节以上的形容词→more, most+原级
short nice hot easy shorter nicer hotter easier shortest nicest hottest easiest 比较级
最高级
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

(2不规则变化
原级
bad (坏的
worse worst ill (生病 good (好的
better best well (健康
比较级
最高级


,. many (指可数的 much ( little (少的
less farther far (远的
further later late (晚的;迟的
latter older old (老的;旧的
elder eldest (表长幼 last (表顺序
oldest (表年纪;新旧 latest (表时间
furthest (表程度,数量,距离 farthest (表距离
least
more
most 例:l. He was happy in his later life. (他晚年很快乐。
2. As for French and German, the latter is more difficult for me than the former. (就法文和德文而言,我觉得后者比前者难。
形容词的比较级
(1 比较级… than

例:1. Your article is longer than mine. (你的文章比我长。
2. Mary is more beautiful than she/her. (口语 (玛丽比她漂亮。
(2 the+比较级…of the two
例:1. Kevin is the older of the two boys. (Kevin是两位男孩中年纪较大的。
2. Jack is the more active of the twins. (Jack是这对双胞胎中较活跃的。
(3 修饰比较级
much, a lot, far+比较级→…得多了


,. even+比较级→…更加 a little+比较→…一点
例:1. He is much busier than I. (他比我忙碌得多了。
2. This is a little cheaper than that. (这个比那个便宜一点。
3. The price of the blue pants is far higher than that of the green pants. (蓝裤子的价格比绿裤子的价格高得多。
4. The weather in Kaohsiung is far hotter than that in Taipei. =The weather is far hotter in Kaohsiung than in Taipei. (高雄的天气比台北的天气更加炎热。
注意:比较时,若主题相同或语意上清楚明白时,than以下部分可省略。
例:They live a more pleasant life than (they did before. (他们现在比以前过着更愉快的生活。 (4 比较级…to
junior (年幼的senior (年长的major (大的minor (小的等形容词,在表示比较的对象时,不用than而用to
例:She is two years older than I / me.
=She is senior to me by two years. (她比我大2岁。
(5 比较级的惯用表现
a. 比较级and比较级 越来越……
例:The story became more and more interesting. (这故事变得越来越有趣。 b. the比较,the比较级

越……越……
例:l. The more, the better. (越多越好。
2. The more we get, the happier we'll be. (我们得到越多就越快乐。
c. more than超过 less than少于
例:The man is more than / over eighty years old. (这个人超过80岁。


,. 形容词的最高级
(l~the最高级+名词+
地点 / of the three
/ of all 例:1. Helen is the best student of all. (海伦是所有学生中最好的。
2. Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. (圣母峰是世界上最高的山。
(2原级、比较级、最高级互换
例:1. Taipei is the biggest city in Taiwan. (台北是台湾最大的城市。
=Taipei is bigger than any other city in Taiwan. =Taipei is bigger than all the other cities in Taiwan. =No other city in Taiwan is bigger than Taipei. =No other cities in Taiwan are as big as Taipei. 注意:加other (其它的,其功用为避免和本身做比较。
2. New York is bigger than any other city in America. (纽约比美国任何其它城市大。 =New York is bigger than any city in Taiwan. (纽约比台湾任何城巿大。
(3as原级as →像…一样
例:1. This jacket is as expensive as this sweater. (这件夹克和这件毛衣一样贵。
2. Your hair is as long as mine. (你的头发和我的一样长。 注意:否定句时,也可用not so / as ~ as..
例:This question is not as / so, difficult as it seems. (这问题并不像表面上的那么困难。
副词的比较级、最高级
比较变化
a. 规则变化→和形容词一样,由字形的变化而来。

副词字尾无ly→加er, est 副词字尾有ly→加more, most+原级 fast quickl比较级 faster more 最高级 fastest most

,. y quickly quickly b. 不规则变化
原级 badly (
worse ill (不好 well ( much ( little (
better more less farther far (
further furthest (表程度
best most least farthest (表距离
worst 比较级
最高级

◎副词的比较级+than 例:l. He can sing better than Lisa. (他可以唱的比莉萨好。
2. I study harder than my friends. (我比我的朋友们更努力。
the副词的最高级+地点/ of the three→副词的最高级,the可以省略。
例:l. My father gets up (the earliest of us all. (我父亲是我们之中最早起的。
2. Cathy dances (the most beautifully. (卡西是跳舞跳得最美的。 注意:形容词和副词的不同
例:Tom is the fastest boy of all. →形容词的最高级,the不可省略。(汤姆是所有男孩中最快的。
Tom runs (the fastest of all. →副词的最高级,the可以省略。(汤姆是所有男孩中跑得最快的。
◎疑问词+比较
例:l. Which fruit do you like better, apples or oranges? (你比较喜欢哪一种水果,苹果或是柳橙? 2. Which do you like (the best, apples, oranges or peaches? (苹果、柳橙和桃子,你最喜欢哪一种?
注意:两者之间用比较级;三者 (或以上用最高级。


,. Unit 2 不定词
不定词(to+原形动词,其身份不再是动词。它在句中扮演名词、形容词及副词的功能。
to V 1. 名词用法→当主词、受词、补语
例:To buy things in a flea market must be fun. (在跳蚤市场买东西一定很好玩。 2. 形容词用法→修饰名词
例:I have a lot of things to buy. (我有很多东西要买。 3. 副词用法→表目的、原因等。
例:I went there to buy notebooks. (我去那里买笔记本。
不定词的名词用法
◎不定词当主词
主词
The work 动词
is fun. To travel around the is world fun. 例:l. To answer this question is difficult for me. (对我而言回答这个问题是困难的。 注意:不定词放句首当主词时,视为一件事,其后须接单数动词。
2. To solve pollution problems is difficult for people in Taiwan. It is difficult for people in Taiwan to solve pollution problems. (对台湾民众而言,要解决污染问题是困难的。
注意:不定词为首的主词,可用it (假主词代替,再将此事件放置在后说明。
3. To be patient with others is best for you. (你对别人有耐心是最好的。 It is best for you to be patient with others.


,. ※句型:Its +形容词 (修饰事物+for ++ to +原形动词…
It's +形容词 (修饰人+of++ to +原形动词…
修饰""的形容词:good, nice, kind, brave, clever, careless, honest, bad, stupid, silly, selfish, polite…等 例:1. It's kind of you to help me. (你真好帮我的忙。
2. It's stupid of him to speak ill of others. (他说别人坏话是愚蠢的。' ◎不定词当受词
主词 I I 动词 like like 受词 baseball. to play baseball. 例:1. I decided to quit the job. (我决定辞掉工作。
2. He hoped to be there on time. (他希望准时到那里。
注意:有些动词,如decidehopewantexpectvolunteer等,必用不定词当受词。
3. I want / would like to see a movie with my friend. (我想要和我的朋友一起看电影。 4. You needn't go if you don't want to. (你不需要去,如果你不想去的话。 注意:to后面的动词和前面相同时,则动词可省略。
◎不定词当补语
a. 当主词补语→可放在be动词或在连缀动词之后,补充说明主词。
主词 My work My work 动词 is is 主词补语 the thing. to prepare dinner. 例:l. My aim in life is to become a famous singer. (我人生的目标是成为名歌手。
2. To see is to believe. (眼见为凭。 b. 当受词补语→即:主词+动词+受词+受词补语。
主词 动词

受词 受词补语

,. He He calls wants me me Johnny. to do it. 例:l. He told me to give up smoking. (他告诉我要戒烟。

2. She got her husband to clean up the house. (她叫她先生打扫房子。 注意:有些动词,如want, ask, teach, tell, get, show等,用不定词当受词补语。
3. He asked me not to tell her the truth. (他要求我不要跟她说实话。 比较:He didn't ask me to tell her the truth. (他没要求我跟她说实话。. 注意:否定不定词→ not +to +原形动词
不定词的形容词用法
不定词当形容词修饰名词或something…等代名词时,采用后位修饰。即:名词 / something + to +原形动词
△修饰名词
例:l. I have letters to write. (我有信要写。
2. My mother has a lot of housework to do every day. (我妈妈每天有很多家事要做。. △修饰something…等
例:l. Ill give you something to eat. (我会给你东西吃。
2. Do you have anything to read (你有什么东西可读吗? 注意:有些不定词之后会伴随着介系词。
例:1. They have a lot of things to talk about. (他们有许多事要谈。
2. Please give me a ball-point pen to write with. (请给我一枝原子笔写字。
不定词的副词用法
不定词可以用来修饰动词,形容词和副词,能够表示目的、原因等 ◎表目的→此时可用in order to +原形动词代替


,. 例:She went to London to study English. (她去伦敦学英语。
=She went to London in order to study English. 注意:gocome通常其后不接不定词,而是用and连接。 例:Come and see me. (来看我。 ◎表原因→跟在表感情的形容词之后
例:1. I am glad to see you. (很高兴见到你。 .
2. We are sorry to hear the news. (我们听到这消息很难过。
含不定词的句型
◎疑问词+to原形动词→此为名词词组,可当主词、受词、补语。
例:1. Which way to go is a big problem. (要走哪一条路是个大问题。
(当主词

2. I know how to operate the machine. (我知道如何操作这机器。
(受词
3. He told me where to take the bus. (他告诉我哪里可以搭公交车。
(当补语
tooto (太……而不能
too+形容词 / 副词+ to原形动词
例:l. You are too young to understand the whole thing. (你太年轻无法了解整件事。
2. The water is too hot for me to drink. (对我而言水太热无法喝。 3. He worked too slowly to finish it. (他工作得太慢无法完成这件事。
◎…enough to (够……可以…… ※形容词 / 副词+ enough+ to原形动词
例:1. My younger brother is old enough to go to school. (我弟弟年纪够大可以上学。
2. Bob worked hard enough to pass the exam. (Bob够用功可以通过考试。


,. Unit 3 动名词
动名词就是在原形动词后加上ing,使其具有名词的特性,句子中可扮演主词,受词或补语的功能。
◎动名词当主词:
须具有名词特性的字 (或字群才能当主词,所以动名词可当主词。 ※比较
主词

To do / Doing it right
now 动词 Do is ※动名词或不定词放句首当主词时,整个主词视为一件事,其后须用单数动词。

it right now. (祈使句 important. (直述句
例:1. Sleeping eight hours a day is good for health. (一天睡8小时有益健康。
=To sleep eight hours a day is good for health. =It is good for health to sleep eight hours a day.
2. Swimming at the beach is a lot of fun. (在海边游泳很好玩。 =To swim at the beach is a lot of fun. = It's a lot of fun to swim at the beach. 注意:It's no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收。
◎动名词当受词:
放动词或介系词后. (1当动词的受词
例:1. You have to give up smoking. (你必须戒烟。
2. I like watching basketball games on TV. (我喜欢看电视上的篮球比赛。
注意1:动词like, love, hate, start, begin, learn…等之后可接V-ingto-V当受词,在意义上没有差异。


,. 例:They began dancing / to dance faster and faster. (他们开始跳得越来越快。
注意2:动词stop, remember, forget, try…等之后可接V-ingto-V当受词,但意义通常不同。 例:1. The man stopped talking. (那人停止说话。

The man stopped to talk to a newsboy. (那人停下来和报童说话。 * I'm tried. I have to stop working.
~to take a rest.
我累了,我必须停止工作。
~下来休息。
2. She remembered meeting him somewhere. (她记得在某处曾见过他。---已见过 She remembered to meet him at the station. (她记得要在车站和他碰面。---尚未过见 Remember to preview your lesson before class and review your lesson after class. (记得课前预习,课后复习。
3. Lucy forgot sending me a card. (Lucy忘记曾寄给我一张卡片。---寄过 Lucy forgot to send me a card. (Lucy忘了要寄卡片给我。---未寄
Don't forget to send me a card on Christmas. (别忘了在圣诞节寄张卡片给我。
4. Try to solve the problem before ten o'clock. (设法在十点前解决这个问题。---要人尽力去做某事 Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door. (如果前面没有人听到,试敲一下后门。---即敲一敲门,试试是否有人应门
◎下列动词之后只能接V-ing
mindenjoyfinishpracticemissquitunderstandavoid give upcan't helpcan't stand It's no useIt's no good 例:1. Would you mind waiting for me? (你介意等我一下吗? I made up my mind to wait for her. (我决定要等她。
2. These students practice speaking English every day. (这些学生每天练习英语。


,. 3. I can't help laughing at him. (我忍不住嘲笑他。 (2当介系词的受词—介系词之后必接V-ing
例:l. He is interested in playing hide-and-seek. (他喜欢玩躲猫猫。
2. We are thinking about buying a washing machine. (我们考虑要买台洗衣机。
◎动名词当补语—动名词可位于be动词之后当补语。
例:l. My work is washing cars. (我的工作是洗车。
2. One of my hobbies is collecting stamps. (我的嗜好之一是集邮。 注意:在其它句型中的V-ing形式 1. go+ V-ing / go+ n. + V-ing 例:go golfing打高尔夫球 go fishing去钓鱼 go hunting打猎
go bowling打保龄球 go hiking去健行

go skating溜冰

go swimming去游泳
go shopping逛街 go sailing去航行
go bike riding骑车兜风
例:go mountain climbing去爬山

go window shopping去逛街 (只逛不买 go bird watching去赏鸟
2. do + a lot of / a little + V-ing 例:1. I am busy, but I still do a little painting. (我很忙,但我仍然偶尔会画画。
2. Do you have to do a lot of traveling in your work? (你的工作必须经常旅行吗? 3. busy, trouble…等+ V-ing →本型中的V-ing前面常省略掉介系词in 例:l. My mom was busy cooking dinner. (我妈那时忙着做晚餐。
2. I had trouble finding out the answer to the question. (我无法找出这问题的答案。 4. There is no + V-ing(…是没有办法做到的。
例:1. There is no telling what will happen next. (无法得知接下来会发生什么事。
2. There is no knowing who did it. (无法知道那件事是谁做的。 练习:


,. 1. I remember seeing Mr. Smith in my office before. 2. I'll remember to see Mr. Smith tomorrow. 3.
Would you mind going to London on business? 4. Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 5. I can't help feeling worried about his health. 6. I apologize for not keeping my promise.
Unit 4 分词
分词可分为现在分词及过去分词。
现在分词
形式→原形动词+ing 功用→(1"行动进行" 例:The girl is talking with Joe. (那女孩正和Joe讲话。 (2"主动"
例:The girl talking with Joe is Jane. (正和Joe讲话的那女孩是Jane
过去分词
形式→一为规则变化 (原形动词+ ed;一为不规则变化。 功用→(1"动作完成" 例:David has just used the pen. (David刚用过那枝笔。 (2''被动" 例:1. This is the pen used by David. (这是David用过的笔。

2. The pen was used by David. (这枝笔被David用过。
现在分词的形容词用法
(1现在分词+名词→单独的现在分词,没有受词或 (副词词组相伴时,放在名词之前修饰名词。


,. 例:1. Don't wake the sleeping baby. (别吵醒睡眠中的宝宝。
2. The rising sun is very beautiful. (日出非常美丽。
(2名词+现在分词→现在分词后有受词或修饰语句相伴时,放在名词之后修饰名词。
例:I saw a man working in the garden. (我看到一个人在花园工作。
I saw a girl playing the piano on the stage. (我看到一个女孩在舞台上弹钢琴。 I saw a child sleeping on the grass. (我看到一个小孩睡在草地上。
过去分词的形容词用法
(1过去分词+名词→单独的过去分词,没有受词或副词片语相伴时,放在名词之前修饰名词。
例:1. I found the lost pen. (我找到那支遗失的笔。
2. She bought a used car. (她买了一辆二手车。 注意:过去分词的形容词用法,代表两种含义。 1. "被动" 例:a spoken language (说的语言 a decayed tooth (蛀牙
a wounded soldier (受伤的士兵 a boiled egg (煮熟的蛋 boiling water (沸腾的水 2. "完成" fallen leaves(已经飘落的叶子 falling leaves (正在飘落的叶子 the risen sun(已经升起的太阳 the rising sun (正在升起的太阳

a faded flower (退休的老师 a retired teacher(凋谢的画
(2名词+过去分词→过去分词后有受词或修饰语句相伴时,放在名词之后修饰名词。
例:1. This is a picture painted about 200 years ago. (这是一幅两百年前画的图画。
2. We have some story books written in easy English. (我们有些用简单英文写成的故事书。
(3名词+现在分词+修饰语句
boiled water (开水


,. 名词+现在分词+修饰语句→在句中还可扮演主词、受词及补语的功用。 a. 当主词
例:l. The woman sitting in the middle is Bob's mother. (坐在中间的女人是Bob的母亲。
2. Some of the people waiting for the bus became angry. (等公交车中的有些人变得很生气。 b. 当受词
例:1. I know the boy running in the park. (我认识在公园跑步的男孩。
2. Do have you any friends living in Japan? (你有任何住在日本的朋友吗? c. 当补语
例:l. The subway is the railway running under the ground. (地铁是在地下行驶的铁路。
2. A nurse is a person taking care of sick people. (护士是照顾病人的人。
(4名词+过去分词+修饰语句
名词+过去分词+修饰语句→在句中还可扮演主词、受词及补语的功用。 a. 当主词
例:The language spoken in America is English. (美国说的语言是英语。 b. 当受词
例:I look at a lot of pictures taken in Kenting. (我看了许多在垦丁拍的照片。 c. 补语
例:This is a dress made for her. (这是为她做的洋装。 比较:形容词用法的现在分词及过去分词。 1. 现在分词当形容词用,表a.动作进行 2. 过去分词当形容词用,表a.动作完成
b.主动

b.主动
例:l. The girl drawing the picture is my sister. (画这幅画的女孩是我姊。
2. The picture drawn by my sister is nice. (这幅我姊姊所画的画不错。
分词的其它用法


,. (1 S + V +现在分词→现在分词可直接放在动词后,当补语使用 a. keep +现在分词:表"动作的持续或重复"
例:l. He keeps standing for three hours. (他一直站了三小时。
2. The dog kept barking all night. (那只狗整晚叫个不停。
b. come (stand, sit…等+现在分词→现在分词可作为come, stand, sit, lie等表静止或运动的动词之补语,表示两个动作同时进行。
例:1. The children came running to meet us. (小朋友跑来迎接我们。
2. Jack stood looking at the monkeys. (Jack站着看猴子。
(2 S+V+O+现在分词→现在分词可作为感官动词hear, see, feel…及keep, leave等动词的受词补语。
例:1. I saw her crossing the road. (我看见她穿越马路。
2. Don't leave her waiting outside in the rain. (别让她在外面雨中等待。
(3 S+V+O+过去分词→过去分词可作为make, have, see, hear, feel, want, wish, would like…等动词的受词补语。
例:1. I could not make myself understood in English. (我的英文别人听不懂。
2. She heard her name called. (她听到有人叫她的名字。 3. I had my hair cut. (我剪头发了。
比较:动名词及现在分词
动名词及现在分词的形皆为原形动词+ing ,但其功用不同。
◎动名词:动名词是一个动词,在使用时具有名词的特性,可当主词,受词及补语。
◎现在分词:进行式为be动词+现在分词,表一个动作正在进行。另外,现在分词也有形容词的功用,可修饰名词或当有些动词的受词补语。
例:1. Tom's hobby is painting. (动名词 (Tom的嗜好是画画。
2. Tom is painting. (现在分词 (Tom正在画画。
Unit 5 形容词


  • 29.8

    ¥45 每天只需1.0元
    1个月 推荐
  • 9.9

    ¥15
    1天
  • 59.8

    ¥90
    3个月

选择支付方式

  • 微信付款
郑重提醒:支付后,系统自动为您完成注册

请使用微信扫码支付(元)

订单号:
支付后,系统自动为您完成注册
遇到问题请联系 在线客服

常用手机号:
用于找回密码
图片验证码:
看不清?点击更换
短信验证码:
新密码:
 
绑定后可用手机号登录
请不要关闭本页面,支付完成后请点击【支付完成】按钮
遇到问题请联系 在线客服