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《语言与文化》复习资料答案

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《语言与文化》复习资料答案
I.
1—10DDDBADCBCC11—20BBBBABDCAC21—25AAAACII.
1.CD2.AD3.CD4.ABD5.ABCDIII.
1—10FTFTFFTTFT11—20FTTFFTFTTF21—25TFTTTIV
1.accenting2.Hypotactic3.Afteryou4.contact
5.Excuseme6.hypotactic7.It’smypleasure8.environmentalism9.Paratactic10.Chronemics11.softeningwords12.nuclearV.
1.culture:文化.Cultureistheuniquestyleandcustom,whichanationformsinthehistoryofitsowndevelopment.
2.communication:交际．Communicationmaybedefinedasthatwhichhappenswheneversomeonerespondstothebehaviorortheresidueofthebehaviorofanotherperson.
3.one-waycommunication:单向交际．Communicationwithoutfeedbackiscalledone-waycommunication.
4.communicativecompetence交际能力
Theabilitytobehaveappropriatelyandeffectivelybyverbaland/ornonverbalmeanstoachieveintendedresultsatagiventime,inagiveplace,inagivencommunicationevent,andtowardsagivenpersonorpersons.

5.tips:小费Theword“tips”istheabbreviationofthephrase“toinsurepromptservice”
6.vocalics:副语言Vocalicsisalsocalledparalanguage,itisthestudyofthenonverbalelementsofthevoice.
7.ethnocentrism:民族中心主义．Ethnocentrismisakindofpsychologicaltrend,thatistointerpretortojudgeallothergroups,theirenvironmentsandtheircommunicationaccordingtothecategoriesandvaluesofourownculture.
8.privacy:免受不受欢迎的侵扰的自由，私事权freedomfromundesirableintrusions
9.churchsale:Saleofthingsdonatedbyfollowersofareligioninthechurch.在教堂里廉价出售教徒捐赠的东西。
10.smalltalk:WhentwostrangersareintroducedtoeachotherintheU.S.orU.K.,theyusuallystartwhatiscalledsmalltalksoastomakethecommunicationcangoonsmoothly,thatistokeeptheballrolling.闲聊，小谈
11.culturalcommunicationinformation交际文化
Culturalcommunicationinformationreferstotheknowledgethatisnecessaryforsuccessfulinterculturalcommunication.
12.non-contactculture非接触文化
Somepeoplessuchasnativespeakersfeelmorecomfortablewhencommunicatingwithothersatagreaterdistance,suchacultureiscallednon-contactculture.VI.
1.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishcompliments?

.InEnglishpeopleexchangecomplimentseachother:fathertoson,husbandtowife,friendtofriend,etc.ButthereareculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese.Firstlyculturaldifferencesexistinwhocanbecomplimented.InEnglishspeakingcountriesonecanpraisemembersofone’sownfamily.Awomancantalkabouthowhardherhusbandworksandhowwellhehasdoneinhiscareer,andshemightdothesameabouthowwellherchildrendoatschool.ButChinesepeopledonotpraisemembersoftheirownfamilies.Theyconsideritbadtaste.Secondly,culturaldifferencesexistinwhatcanbecomplimented.ItisquitecommonforamaleEnglishspeakertocomplimentfemalesontheirgoodlooks,whileitisalmostatabooinChineseculture.
2.WhatistheruleofintroductionintheUnitedStates?
InEnglishculturethegeneralruleistointroduceayoungpersontoanolderone,amantoawoman,aninferiortoasuperior,theguesttothehost,anindividualtoagroup.Andbesuretomentionfirstthenameofthepersonwewishtohonor.Whenintroducingamanandawoman,mentionthewoman’snamefirstunlessthemanismucholderthanthewomanorveryfamous.Whenintroducingtwomalesortwofemales,puttheolderperson’snamefirst.
Whenpeopleareintroduced,peoplenormallyshakehandsinformalorbusinesssituations.Inthisoccasion,menusuallytakeofftheirglovesbeforeshakinghands,butwomendonothaveto.Whenamanandawomanaretoshakehands,itisthewomanwhoextendsherhandfirst.3.CompareChineseandEnglish"thanks".
Differenceslieinwhattothankfor.Englishspeakersthankothersformanyreasonsandonmanyoccasionssuchasborrowingapencil,askingfordirections,requestingsomeonetopassonamessage,receivingmailsforothers,callingapersontothephoneandsoonandsoforth,andthisseemstobeunnecessaryandsometimesevenhypocriticaltomanyChinesepeople.Ontheotherhand,theChinesepeopletendtothanktheonewhohasdonethemamajorfavorseveraltimes,

thismayseemexcessive,emptyorinsinceretoEnglishspeakersandthereforemakethemuncomfortable.
Differencesalsolieinwhomtothank.InEnglishcultureamalethankshiswife,afemalethankherhusband,afatherthankshissonandclosefriendsthankeachotherforhavingdoneanything.Thatisbecausepeoplearetreatedasindividualsandthekindnesstheyhaveshowninwhatevermayshouldbeappreciatedexplicitly.ButinChina,mostofthepoliteexpressionsarereservedforstrangerandcasualfriends.Familymembersandclosefriendsneverthankeachother,fortheChineseattitudeisthattheappreciationisunderstoodandneednotbeexpressedamongclosefriendsandfamilymembers.However,thisattitudemaybetakenforrudenessorlackofconsiderationbyEnglishspeakers.
4.Whatarethecross-culturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishcultureandChinesecultureyoufindinlaughingandsmiling?
ForanEnglishspeaker,laughingwhenothershavetroublesareveryimpoliteandoffensive.ButthismaynotbethecaseinChineseculture;NativespeakersofEnglish,especially,Americans,tendtosmileeventostrangerstoshowfriendliness.Evenagirlmaysmiletoamalestrangerfornoreasonotherthanshowingfriendliness.Incontrast,Chinesespeakingpersonswouldnotsmiletostrangerswithoutareasonfordoingso.Iffemalesdosowithoutanyreasontheymightbeviewedasfrivolous;inEnglishcultureoneisexpectedtotreatcriticismsseriouslyandthisshouldnotsmilewhencriticized.ButinChina,whencriticized,onemightsmiletoshowpolitenessorthatshe,asaChineseexpressiongoes,“闻过则喜”。

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