小学英语语法汇总
一、时态
1.一般现在时
(1)表示经常发生的动作或事情,通常用 “usually通常, often常常, every…每…, sometimes有时,always总是,”等词。
(2)基本结构:
I / You / We / They | He / She / It | |
肯定句 | 动词原形 | 动词第三人称单数形式 |
否定句 | don’t + 动原 | doesn’t + 动原 |
一般疑问句(Yes/No) | Do… ? Yes, I do. | Does…(动词原形)…?No,she doesn’t. |
特殊疑问句 | What do …? | How does she…(动词原形)…? |
(3) 动词第三人称单数形式(同名词单数变成复数方法相同)
1 | 一般情况 | +s | 如:walk-walks |
2. | 辅音字母+y结尾 | 去y +ies | fly-flies |
3. | 结尾是 s, x, sh, ch | +es | watch-watches |
4. | 特殊的 | do-does ,have-has, go-goes | |
2.现在进行时,
(1)表示正在发生的动作,通常用“now现在, look看,linsen听”.
(2)基本形式: be + 动词ing
eg: I am(not) doing my homework.
You/We/They are(not) reading.
He/She/It is(not) eating.
What are you doing?
Is he reading?
(3)动词的现在分词形式(动词+ing)
一般情况 | +ing | walk—walking |
结尾是不发音的 e | -e + ing | come—coming |
重读闭音节 | 双写最后一个字母+ing | run-running swim-swimming |
3. 一般过去时
(1) 表示过去已经发生的事情,通常用 “last …上一个…, just now刚才, a moment ago刚才, yesterday昨天”等词。
(2) be 动词的过去式: am/is—was are—were
(3)过去式基本结构
肯定句(Positive) | 动词过去式 | I went shopping last night. |
否定句(Negative) | Didn’t + 动词原形 | I didn’t go shopping last night. |
一般疑问句(Yes/No) | Did …+ 动词原形…? | Did you go shopping last night? |
特殊疑问句(wh-) | What did…+ 动词原形…? | What did you do last night? |
(4)词过去式的变化:
规则动词的变化:
一般动词 | +ed | planted,watered,climbed |
以不发音的e结尾 | +d | liked |
辅音字母加y结尾 | -y+ ied | study—studied, cry- cried |
重读闭音节单词,末尾只有一个辅音字母 | 双写最后一个字母+ed | stop –stopped plan - planned |
不规则动词的变化:
原形 | 过去式 | 原形 | 过去式 | 原形 | 过去式 | 原形 | 过去式 |
sweep | swept | teach | taught | have | had | go | went |
keep | kept | think | thought | do | did | find | found |
sleep | slept | buy | bought | eat | ate | say | said |
feel | felt | drink | drank | is/am | was | take | took |
read | read | give | gave | are | were | mean | meant |
put | put | sing | sang | drive | drove | meet | met |
cut | cut | begin | began | speak | spoke | make | made |
let | let | ring | rang | write | wrote | see | saw |
fly | flew | run | ran | ride | rode | come | came |
draw | drew | sit | sat | hear | heard | tell | told |
grow | grew | learn | learned/ learnt | get | got | know | knew |
4.一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来打算做的事或将要发生的事情。常常与tomorrow, next Sunday等时间状语连用。
结构:be going to +动词原形或will +动词原形
例如:I’m going to visit my grandpa next week.
二、人称代词
主格 | I | we | you | he | she | it | they |
宾格 | me | us | you | him | her | it | them |
形容词性物主代词 | my | our | your | his | her | its | their |
名词性物主代词 | mine | ours | yours | his | hers | its | theris |
(注:介词,动词后面跟宾格。后面没有名词时用名词性物主代词。)
三、可数名词的复数形式
1.一般名词: + s a book –books
2.辅音字母加y结尾: - y+ ies a story—stories
3.以s, x,sh, ch ,结尾: + es a glass—glasses;a watch-watches
4.以f或fe结尾: - f 或fe 变为 ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves
5.特殊的名词复数
man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice
child-children
foot-feet,.tooth-teeth
fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese
四、不可数名词(没有复数形式)
bread, rice, water, juice,milk,tea,coffee
五、缩略形式
I’m = I am you’re = you are she’s = she is he’s = he is /he has(got)
it’s = it is who’s =who is can’t =can not isn’t=is not didn’t=did not weren’t=were not wasn’t=was not let’s=let us I’ll=I will
六、a. an .the的用法
1.单词的第一读音是辅音读音:a book, a peach, a “U”
单词的第一个读音是元音读音:an egg, an hour, an “F”
2.the要注意的:球类前面不加the,乐器前面要加the,序数词前面要加the。
七、介词
1.表示方位:on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at, behind.,under
2.表示时间:
(1)at : 几点前面用at如:at six o’clock, 没有day的节日前用at如 :at Christmas, 固定词组 at the weekends ,at night
(2)on: 星期前用on 如:on Monday ,日期前用on 如:on the 15th of July 带有Day的节日前用on 如: on National Day
(3)in: 早晨,中午,晚上前用in:in the morning ,in the afternoon ,in the evening ,月份前用in ,如in December ,季节前用in ,如 winter
八、基数词变成序数词的方法
1. 直接在基数词词尾加上th。如:seventh第七,tenth 第十,thirteenth 第十三, 2.以y结尾的基数词,变y为i,再加上eth。如:twentieth 第二十。
3.不规则的。如:first 第一, second 第二, third 第三,fifth 第五, eighth 第八,ninth 第九,twelfth 第十二。
4.有两个或以上单词组成的基数词只改最后一个单词如twenty-first 第二十一。
九、some /any的用法
1.肯定句中用some:I have some toys in my bedroom.
2.问句和否定句中用ang:Do you have any brothers or sisters?
He hasn’t got any pencils in his pencil-case.
3.询问想要什么时用some:Would you like some juice?
Can I have some stamps?
十、 there be结构
1.肯定句(有…): There is +单数或不可数名词
There are +复数
注:遵循就近原则,看靠there be最近的
2.一般疑问句(有…吗?):Is there …? Yes, there is./ No, there isn’t.
Are there…? Yes, there are. /No, there aren’t.
3.否定句(没有): There isn’t …. There aren’t….
4.there be句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。
十一、祈使句
Sit down please
Don’t sit down, please.
Let’s go to the park.
(注:祈使句中动词用原形)
十二、(情态)动词can, may, must, should, will 后面直接用动词原形。
1. I / He / She / They can sing. May I come in? I must go now.
2. You should be quiet in the library.
3. You’ll be good friends.
十三、形容词和副词的比较级
一、形容词的比较级
1、两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little 来修饰表示程度。。
2.形容词加er的规则:
⑴一般在词尾加er ;
⑵以字母e 结尾,加r ;
⑶以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ;
⑷以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先把y变i,再加er 。
3.不规则形容词比较级:
good-better, beautiful-more beautiful
二、副词的比较级
1.形容词与副词的区别 (有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)
⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后
⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后
2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同 (不规则变化:well-better, far-farther)
十四、特殊疑问句
What (问什么事,什么物或什么工作) | What are you doing? | I’m reading. |
What is that? | It’s a book. | |
What is she?(What’s her job?) | She’s a nurse. | |
What colour(问颜色) | What colour is your coat? | It’s red. |
What time(时间) | What time is it? What’s the time? | It’s seven. |
when (什么时候) | When do you get up? | I get up at six thirty. |
When is your birthday? | It’s on the 21st of December. | |
Which(哪一个) | Which is your watch, the yellow one or the white one? | The yellow is mine. |
Who(谁) | Who is the man with a big nose? | He’s my uncle. |
Whose(谁的) | Whose bag is it? Whose is this bag? | It’s his bag. |
Where(哪里) | Where is my ball pen? | It’s under the book. |
Why(为什么) | Why do you like summer? | I like summer because… |
How many (多少) | How many books are there in the school bag? | There are four books in the school bag. |
How old (几岁) | How old is the young man? | He’s nineteen. |
How much(多少钱) | How much is the toy bear? | It’s eleven yuan. |
How (怎么样) | How do you go to school everyday? | I go to school by car. |
一、名词复数的规则变化
名词复数的规则变化 | |
构 成 法 | 例 词 |
A. 在一般情况下,词尾加-s | book – books bed -- beds |
B. 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词,词尾加-es | bus – buses box -- boxes dish – dishes watch -- watches |
C. 以f 或fe 结尾的词,先将f 或fe 改成v,再加-es | knife -- knives wife -- wives |
D. 以o结尾的单词,有生命的物质加-es,无生命的物质加-s | tomato -- tomatoes photo -- photos |
E. 以辅音字母加y结尾,先y将改i,再加上-es | family – families city -- cities |
二、现在进行时构成
现在进行时构成(ing形式) | |
构 成 法 | 例 词 |
A. 一般加-ing | work – working study -- studying |
B. 以e 结尾的词去e后加-ing | live – living write -- writing |
C. 动词为单音节:以单一元音字母+单一辅音字母结尾,辅音字母双写,再加ing;动词为双音节或者多音节:最后一个音节为重读音节,以单一元音字母+单一辅音字母结尾,辅音字母双写,再加 ing | stop -- stopping run -- running swim -- swimming begin -- beginning |
三、一般现在时
一般现在时(单三形式) | |
构 成 法 | 例 词 |
A. 一般动词在词尾加-s | help – helps make -- makes |
B. 以s, x , ch,sh,结尾的动词在词尾加-es | fix – fixes teach – teaches wash -- washes |
C. 以o 结尾的动词在词尾加-es | go – goes do -- does |
D. 以辅音字母加y 结尾的动词,先y变为i,再加-es | fly -- flies study – studies carry -- carries |
E. 不规则变化 | have -- has |
四、一般过去时
一般过去时(-ed形式) | |
构 成 法 | 例 词 |
A. 一般动词在词尾加-ed | cook -- cooked play -- played |
B. 以e结尾的动词在词尾加-d | live -- lived |
C. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先y变为i,再加-ed | fly -- flied study -- studied |
D. 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写该辅音字母加-ed | stop -- stopped plan -- planned |
E. 不规则变化 | swim -- swam have -- had |
F. be 动词变化 | am -- was is -- was are -- were |
五、形容词比较级
形容词比较级(er形式) | |
构 成 法 | 例 词 |
A. 一般直接加-er | long -- longer |
B. 如果以-e结尾,直接加-r | nice -- nicer |
C. 闭音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母须双写这个字母,再加-er | big -- bigger |
D. 以辅音字母加-y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-er | heavy -- heavier |
小学阶段没有强调比较级的不规则变化 | |
PEP教材四会句型汇总
一、一般疑问句
1. --- Did you read books? 你读书了吗?
--- Yes, I did.是的,我读过了。/ No, I didn't. 不,我没有读过。
2. --- Is she quiet? 她文静吗?
--- No, she isn't. She's very active. 不,她不。她很活跃。
--- Is she strict? 她严格吗?
--- Yes, she is, but she's very kind. 是的,她是,但是她很和蔼。
3. --- Is this a teacher's desk? 这是一张讲台桌吗?/ Is it cold? 冷吗?/ Is her birthday in June? 她的生日在六月吗?/ Is this your T-shirt? 这是你的T恤衫吗?
--- Yes, it is. 是的。/ No, it isn't. (No, it's not.) 不,不是的。
4. --- Can you make the bed? 你会铺床吗?/ Can you use a computer? 你会使用电脑吗?
--- Yes, I can. 是的,我会。/ No, I can't. 不,我不会。
5. --- Are they ducks? 它们是鸭子吗?/ Are they eating the honey? 它们吃蜂蜜吗?
--- Yes, they are. 是的,它们是。/ No, they aren't. 不,它们不是。
6. --- Is there a forest in the park? 公园里有一个森林吗?/ Is there a river? 那里有条河吗?
--- Yes, there is. 是的,那里有。/ No, there aren't. 不,那里没有。
7. --- Are there any pandas in the mountains? 山里有一些熊猫吗?/ Are there any fish in the rivers? 河里有一些鱼吗?
--- Yes, there are. 是的,那里有。/ No, there aren't. 不,那里没有。
8. --- Are you eating lunch? 你(们)正在吃午餐吗?
--- Yes, I am. (Yes, we are.) 是的,我正在吃。(是的,我们正在吃。)/ No, I am not. (No, we aren't.) 不,我没有在吃。(不,我们没有在吃。)
9. --- Is he playing chess? 他正在下棋吗?
--- Yes, he is. 是的,他是。/ No, he isn't. 不,他没有。
10. --- Is she counting insects? 她正在数昆虫吗?
--- Yes, she is. 是的,她是。/ No, she isn't. 不,她没有。
11. --- Does she / he teach English? 她(他)教英语吗?
--- Yes, she / he does. 是的,她(他)是。/ No, she / he doesn't. 不,她(他)不是。
二、谈论时间
1. --- What time is it? 几点钟?
--- It's two o'clock. 两点钟。/ It's 9: 45. It's time for math class. 九点四十五。是上数学课的时间了。
2. --- What day is it today? 今天星期几?
--- It's Wednesday. 星期三。
3. --- When do you eat dinner? 你几点吃晚餐?
--- I eat dinner at 7: 00 in the evening. 我晚上7点钟吃晚餐。
4. --- When do you get up? 你几点起床?
--- I usually get up at 12: 00 noon. 我一般中午12点钟起床。
5. --- When is your birthday? 你的生日是什么时候?
--- It's in May. 在五月。/ My birthday is in June. 我的生日在六月。/ Uncle Bill's birthday is in June, too. 比尔叔叔的生日也在六月。
6. --- What's the date? 几月几日? --- June 9th. 六月九日。
三、谈论颜色
1. --- What colour is it? 什么颜色? --- It's white. 白色。
四、谈论地点
1. --- Where are you going this afternoon? 下午你打算去哪?
--- I'm going to the bookstore. 我打算去书店。
2. --- Where did you go on your holiday? 假期你去了哪?
--- I went to Xinjiang. 我去了新疆。
3. --- Where does she work? 她在哪工作?
--- She works in a hospital. 她在医院工作。
4. --- Where does the rain come from? 雨从哪来?
--- It comes from the clouds. 它从云里来。
5. --- Where is the cinema, please? 请问电影院在哪?
--- It's next to the hospital. 在医院旁边。/ Turn left at the cinema, then go straight. It's on the left. 在电影那左转,然后直走。它在你的左边。
6. There are two bedrooms, a kitchen, a bathroom and a living room. 那有两个卧室,一个厨房,一个卫生间和一个客厅。
There is a mirror, a bed and a big closet. 那有一面镜子,一张床和一个大衣柜。
The closet is near the table. 衣柜在桌子的附近。
Many clothes are in the closet. 很多的衣服在衣柜里。
The trash bin is behind the door. 垃圾桶在门后。
五、谈论价格
1. --- How much is it? 这个多少钱?
--- It's ten yuan. 十元。
2. --- How much are they? 它们多少钱?
--- They're three yuan. 它们三元。
六、谈论数量
1. --- How many horses are there? 那有多少匹马?
--- Twelve. 十二匹。
七、谈论人物
1. --- Who's your English teacher? 你的英语老师是谁?
--- Mr Carter. 卡特先生。
2. --- What's he like? 他长什么样?
--- He's tall and strong. 他又高又强壮。
3. How old are you? 你几岁?
八、谈论喜好
1. --- What's your favourite fruit? 你最喜欢的水果是什么?
--- I like apples. They're sweet. 我喜欢苹果。它们很甜。/ I like fruit. But I don't like grapes. They're sour. 我喜欢水果。但我不喜欢葡萄。它们很酸。
2. --- Which season do you like best? 你最喜欢哪个季节?
--- I like winter best. 我最喜欢冬天。/ Summer is good, but fall is my favourite season. 夏天很好,但秋天是我最喜欢的季节。
3. --- Why do you like summer? 你为什么喜欢夏天?
--- Because I can swim in the lake. 因为我可以在湖里游泳。
--- Why do you like winter? 你为什么喜欢冬天?
--- Because I can sleep a long time. 因为我可以睡很长的时间。
4. --- What's your hobby? 你的爱好是什么?
--- I like collecting stamps. 我喜欢收集邮票。/ He likes collecting stamps, too. 他也喜欢收集邮票。
九、谈论事情
1. This is my computer. 这是我的电脑。 That is your computer. 那是你的电脑。
2. Let's play football. 让我们踢足球吧。
3. This is Zhang Peng. 这是张鹏。
4. --- What did you do last weekend? 你上个周末做了什么?
--- I played football. 我踢了足球。
5. --- What are you going to buy? 你打算去买什么?
--- I am going to buy a comic book. 我打算去买一本漫画书。
6. --- What are you going to do on the weekend? 周末你打算去做什么?
--- I'm going to visit my grandparents this weekend. 这个周末我打算去拜访我的祖父母。
7. --- What are they doing? 他们在做什么?
--- They're swimming. 他们在游泳。/ They are climbing trees. 他们在爬树。
8. --- What is it doing? 它在做什么? --- It's eating bananas.它正在吃香蕉。
9. --- What is she doing? 她在做什么? --- She's jumping.她在跳。
10. --- What are you doing? 你正在做什么?
--- I'm doing the dishes. 我正在洗碗。 / I'm reading a book. 我正在读书。
11. Grandpa is writing a letter. 爷爷正在写信。
Brother is doing homework. 兄弟正在做作业。
Mom is cooking dinner in the kitchen. 妈妈正厨房里烧饭。
He's writing an e-mail in the study. 他正在书房里写一封电子邮件。
12. --- What do you do on the weekend? 你周末做什么?
--- Usually I watch TV and go shopping. 一般我看电视和去购物。/ Sometimes I visit my grandparents. 有时候我去拜访我的祖父母。/ I often play football. 我经常去踢足球。/ Sometimes I go hiking. 有时候我去远足。
13. --- What do you have on Thursdays? 星期四你们有什么课?
--- We have English, math and science on Thursdays. 星期四我们有英语,数学和科学课。
14. --- What do you do on Saturdays? 星期六你做什么?
--- I watch TV on Saturdays. 星期六我看电视。
15. --- What about you? 你呢? --- I do my homework, too. 我也做我的家庭作业。
16. --- What do you have for lunch on Mondays? 星期一你中餐吃什么?
--- We have tomatoes, tofu and fish. 我们吃西红柿,豆腐和鱼。
17. --- What can you do? 你能做什么?
--- I can sweep the floor. 我会扫地。 / I can cook the meals. 我会做饭。 / I can water the flowers. 我会浇花。
十、谈论方式
1. --- How do you go to school, Sarah? 萨拉,你怎么去学校?
--- Usually I go to school on foot. 一般我走路去学校。/ Sometimes I go by bike. 有时候我骑自行车。
2. --- How can I get to Zhongshan Park? 我怎么去中山公园?
--- You can go by the No. 15 bus. 你可以坐15路公共汽车。
3. --- How did you go there? 你怎么去那?
--- I went by train. 我坐火车去。
4. --- How do you do that? 你怎么做那件事?
--- First, I .... Then I .... 首先,我……。然后我……。
5. What should you do then? 然后你怎么做?
6. --- How does she go to work? 她怎么去工作?
--- She goes to work by bus. 她坐公共汽车去工作。
十一、谈论心情,身体状况
1. How are you, Liu Yun? 刘云,你怎么样?You look so happy. 你看起来很开心。
2. How are you, Sarah? 萨拉,你怎么样?You look sad today. 今天你看起来很伤心。
3. --- What's the matter? 怎么了?
--- My throat is sore. My nose hurts. 我的喉咙痛。我的鼻子痛。
十二、谈论体重、身高
1. --- How heavy are you? 你多少重? --- I'm 48 kg. 我48公斤。
--- I'm thinner than you, and shorter. 我比你瘦和矮。
2. --- How tall are you? 你多高? --- I'm 164 cm tall. 我164厘米高。
--- You're shorter than me. 你比我矮。/ You're 4 cm taller than me. 你比我高四厘米。
十三、谈论职业
1. --- What does your mother do? 你妈妈做什么的?
--- She is a TV reporter. 她是一个电视台记者。
十四、谈论天气
1. It's warm today. 今天很暖和。 2. It's cool. 今天很凉爽。您好,欢迎您阅读我的文章,本WORD文档可编辑修改,也可以直接打印。阅读过后,希望您提出保贵的意见或建议。阅读和学习是一种非常好的习惯,坚持下去,让我们共同进步。
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