美国私家侦探及调查员的职业资料（原文翻译）

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原文及翻译如下：

Significant Points重点

∙ About 21 percent are self-employed.约21%是自由职业者。

∙ Keen competition is expected for most jobs.激烈的竞争和大多数工作一样。

∙ Most private detectives and investigators have some college education and previous experience in investigative work.大多数私家侦探和调查人员受过高等教育,有研究工作经验。

∙ Work hours are often irregular, and the work can be dangerous.工作时间通常是没有规律,工作是很危险的。

私家侦探针对案件适用各种方法

工作性质

Private detectives and investigators assist individuals, businesses, and attorneys by finding and analyzing information. 私家侦探和调查员协助个人、企业、以及律师寻找并分析资料。They connect clues to uncover facts about legal, financial, or personal matters. 他们通过线索寻找真相，找到法律、财务、或个人问题。Private detectives and investigators offer many services, including executive, corporate, and celebrity protection; preemployment verification; and individual background profiles. 私家侦探和调查员提供更多的服务,包括行政、公司、和名人保护;preemployment鉴证个人背景的档案。Some investigate computer crimes, such as identity theft, harassing e-mails, and illegal downloading of copyrighted material. 调查一些计算机犯罪,如身份盗窃,骚扰的电子邮件,和非法下载有版权的材料。They also provide assistance in criminal and civil liability cases, insurance claims and fraud cases, child custody and protection cases, missing-persons cases, and premarital screening. 他们还协助刑事和民事案件、保险索赔和欺诈的案件,子女抚养权missing-persons病例,以及婚前检查。They are sometimes hired to investigate individuals to prove or disprove infidelity.有时候雇来私家侦探调查对方是否有外遇。

Private detectives and investigators may use many methods to determine the facts in a case. 私家侦探和侦查人员使用很多方法认定一些事件的真相。Much of their work is done with a computer. 大部分的工作是借助计算机完成。For example, they often recover deleted e-mails and documents. 例如,他们经常恢复已删除的电子邮件和文件。They also may perform computer database searches or work with someone who does. 他们也进行计算机数据库中检索工作。Computers allow investigators to quickly obtain huge amounts of information, such as records of a subject's prior arrests, convictions, and civil legal judgments; telephone numbers; information about motor vehicle registrations; records of association and club memberships; social networking site details; and even photographs.计算机让研究人员可以很快获得大量的信息,例如犯罪记录、信仰,和民事法律的刑罚,电话号码,信息,机动车登记记录和俱乐部的会员资格;社交网络和一些相应照片。

Detectives and investigators also perform various other types of surveillance or searches. 侦探和研究人员还执行各种类型的监视或者搜索。To verify facts, such as an individual's income or place of employment, they may make phone calls or visit a subject's workplace. 核实事实,如个人的收入、工作地点,他们可能会打电话或者访问一个主体的工作场所。In other cases, especially those involving missing persons and background checks, investigators interview people to gather as much information as possible about an individual. 另外是失踪人员的背景调查,研究人员对群众进行访问，收集尽可能多的有关个人的资料。Sometimes investigators go undercover, pretending to be someone else in order to get information or to observe a subject inconspicuously. 有时调查人员去秘密调查,乔装身份以获取信息。They even arrange to be hired in businesses to observe workers for wrongdoing.他们甚至安排卧底进行一些行为的观察。

Most detectives and investigators are trained to perform physical surveillance, which may be high tech or low tech. 大多数侦探和调查员使用各种科技手段进行监测。They may observe a site, such as the home of a subject, from an inconspicuous location or a vehicle. 他们可以在一个不显眼的场地和汽车中观察对象。Using photographic and video cameras, binoculars, cell phones, and GPS systems, detectives gather information on an individual. 使用摄影和视频照相机、望远镜、手机、全球卫星定位系统、针对个人收集信息。Surveillance can be time consuming旷日持久的监控。

The duties of private detectives and investigators depend on the needs of their clients. 私家侦探的职责和侦查人员的需要借助他们的客户。In cases that involve fraudulent workers' compensation claims, for example, investigators may carry out long-term covert observation of a person suspected of fraud. 在一些工人赔偿案件中,通过实例,调查人员进行长期的隐蔽的观察。If an investigator observes the person performing an activity that contradicts injuries stated in a worker's compensation claim, the investigator would take video or still photographs to document the activity and report it to the client.如果一个调查观察员在进行的监视活动中发现受伤工人赔偿请求与阐述的相矛盾,研究人员会将视频和照片记录的活动报告给客户。

Detectives and investigators must be mindful of the law in conducting investigations. 侦探和调查人员必须保持警惕，以法律为原则进行调查。They keep up with Federal, State, and local legislation, such as privacy laws and other legal issues affecting their work. 他们会与联邦、州和地方政府的立法保持一致，如隐私法和其他的法律问题，包括他们的工作。The legality of certain methods may be unclear, and investigators and detectives must make judgment calls in deciding how to pursue a case. 应采取的若干措施应确保合法性,调查人员和侦探必须判断决定如何开展案件调查。They must also know how to collect evidence properly so that they do not compromise its admissibility in court.他们也必须知道如果采用不正确的手段收集证据会会在美国法庭上受损失。

Private detectives and investigators often specialize. 私家侦探和调查员术业专攻。Those who focus on intellectual property theft, for example, investigate and document acts of piracy, help clients stop illegal activity, and provide intelligence for prosecution and civil action. 那些重视知识产权盗窃,例如盗版行为,帮助客户促使侵权方停止违法活动,并提供情报进行民事诉讼。Other investigators specialize in developing financial profiles and carrying out asset searches. 另外一部分调查人员专攻金融、资产、财务统计报告。Their reports reflect information gathered through interviews, investigation and surveillance, and research, including reviews of public documents.他们的报告通过受调者收集的信息和研究,对公共文件予以评论。

Computer forensic investigators specialize in recovering, analyzing, and presenting data from computers for use in investigations or as evidence. 计算机取证调查人员专攻电子数据的恢复及分析，从电脑中查找用于调查线索的证据。They determine the details of intrusions into computer systems, recover data from encrypted or erased files, and recover e-mails and deleted passwords.他们决定入侵的枝节,从电脑系统中恢复数据文件，破解加密文件删除，破解电子邮件密码。

Legal investigators assist in preparing criminal defenses, locating witnesses, serving legal documents, interviewing police and prospective witnesses, and gathering and reviewing evidence. 法律调查人员协助准备刑事抗辩、成为法律文件送达的见证人,访问警察和未来的证人,收集和评阅的证据。Legal investigators also may collect information on the parties to a litigation, take photographs, testify in court, and assemble evidence and reports for trials. 法律调查人员也可以收集信息作为当事人的诉讼,拍摄照片、法院出庭,一同收集证据和报告。They often work for law firms or lawyers.他们通常会为律师事务所或者律师提供支持。

Corporate investigators conduct internal and external investigations for corporations. 商业调查人员分为公司内部和公司外部的调查。In internal investigations, they may investigate drug use in the workplace, ensure that expense accounts are not abused, or determine whether employees are stealing assets, merchandise, or information. 在内部调查中,他们可能调查工作场所,确保公司资产不受损失、或确定员工偷窃商品或商业信息。External investigations attempt to thwart criminal schemes from outside the corporation, such as fraudulent billing by a supplier. 公司外部调查以阻止公司外部的商业欺诈,如提供虚假帐单的供应商。Investigators may spend months posing as employees of the company in order to find misconduct.调查人员可能要花好几个月发现雇员的不正当行为。

Financial investigators may be hired to develop confidential financial profiles of individuals or companies that are prospective parties to large financial transactions. 金融调查员被雇来用于金融相关公司和个人，针对保密项目进行大型的金融交易。These investigators often are certified public accountants (CPAs) who work closely with investment bankers and other accountants. 这些研究人员通常是与注册会计师和投资银行家相关的密切工作会计人员。They also might search for assets in order to recover damages awarded by a court in fraud or theft cases.他们也可以提供被盗和欺诈行为的案件，通过法院获得经济赔偿。

Detectives who work for retail stores or hotels are responsible for controlling losses and protecting assets. 零售商店和酒店的侦探工作是负责保护资产不受损失。Store detectives, also known as loss prevention agents, safeguard the assets of retail stores by apprehending anyone attempting to steal merchandise or destroy store property. 商店的侦探被称为防损员，防止在零售商店中窃取商品或毁坏财产。They prevent theft by shoplifters, vendor representatives, delivery personnel, and store employees. 他们阻止商店盗窃,贩售商代表,交货人员,并将其存储在员工。Store detectives also conduct periodic inspections of stock areas, dressing rooms, and rest rooms, and sometimes assist in opening and closing the store. 侦探商店进行定期的检查的股票地区,更衣室,卫生间,有时协助商店的开门和关门。They may prepare loss prevention and security reports for management and testify in court against people they apprehend. 他们会准备防损和安全报告在法庭出示，以获得反对者的支持。Hotel detectives protect guests of the establishment from theft of their belongings and preserve order in hotel restaurants and bars. 酒店侦探负责保护客人财务，在酒店餐厅和酒吧维持秩序。They also may keep undesirable individuals, such as known thieves, off the premises.他们确保可疑人员和小偷离开该地。

Work environment.工作环境。Many detectives and investigators spend time away from their offices conducting interviews or doing surveillance, but some work in the office most of the day conducting computer searches and making phone calls. 很多侦探和调查人员离开自己的办公室花大量时间在外边进行调查和监控，而在办公室的大部分时间是进行计算机搜索和接听电话。When an investigator is working on a case, the environment might range from plush boardrooms to seedy bars. 当一位调查人员正在调查的可能工作范围会从豪华的会议室直到肮脏的酒吧。Store and hotel detectives work in the businesses that they protect.商店和酒店获得他们提供的保护。

Investigators generally work alone, but they sometimes work with others, especially during surveillance or when they follow a subject. 调查人员通常独自做事，但有时也会与他人合作,尤其是在监控和调查一个对象时。Some of the work involves confrontation, so the job can be stressful and dangerous. 一些工作，会给他们带来压力和危险。Some situations, such as certain bodyguard assignments for corporate or celebrity clients, call for the investigator to be armed. 某些情况下，例如某些保镖工作或知名公司和客户，要求其武装。In most cases, however, a weapon is not necessary, because the purpose of the work is gathering information and not law enforcement or criminal apprehension. 然而在大多数情况下,装备武器是没有必要的,因为主要的工作目的是收集信息,而不是执法。Owners of investigative agencies have the added stress of having to deal with demanding and sometimes distraught clients. 调查机构的所有者面对特殊需求客户会提高工作压力。Although considered a dangerous occupation, private detectives and investigators have a relatively low incidence of nonfatal work-related injuries.虽然私家侦探是一个危险职业，但是私家侦探和调查员发生工伤和致死的几率较低。

Private detectives and investigators often work irregular hours because of the need to conduct surveillance and contact people who are not available during normal working hours. 私家侦探和调查员工作时间不规律，由于需要进行监视和联络的工作大多不在正常的工作时间。Early morning, evening, weekend, and holiday work is common.清晨,晚上,周末和假日的工作是很常见的。



私家侦探收入

Median annual wages of salaried private detectives and investigators were $41,760 in May 2008. 私家侦探和侦查人员的每年平均工资于2008年五月是41,760美元。The middle 50 percent earned between $30,870 and $59,060. 在30,870美元和59,060美元之间。The lowest 10 percent earned less than $23,500, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $76,640. 最低10%赚不到23,500美元,最高盈利超过10% 76,640美元。Wages of private detectives and investigators vary greatly by employer, specialty, and geographic area.私家侦探和侦查人员的工资与用人单位、专业和地理区域有很大的差异。

私家侦探工作前景

Keen competition is expected for most jobs despite尽管有大量的工作，但面临激烈的竞争。much faster than average employment growth.就业速度高于普通工作。

Employment change.就业的转移。Employment of private detectives and investigators is expected to grow 22 percent over the 2008–18 decade, much faster than the average for all occupations. 私家侦探和侦查人员就业预计增长22%在2008年–18十年,远远超过平均水平的职业。Increased demand for private detectives and investigators will result from heightened security concerns, increased litigation, and the need to protect confidential information and property of all kinds. 私家侦探和调查需求增加源于高度的安全资料问题和增加的诉讼,以及有必要保护机密信息和财产的所有的情况。The proliferation of criminal activity on the Internet, such as identity theft, spamming, e-mail harassment, and illegal downloading of copyrighted materials, also will increase the demand for private investigators. 扩散在互联网上的犯罪活动,如身份信息盗窃，垃圾邮件、电子邮件骚扰，和非法下载有版权的材料，和随之增加的私人调查需求。Employee background checks, conducted by private investigators, have become standard for an increasing number of jobs. 员工背景调查已成为越来越多的工作。Growing financial activity worldwide will increase the demand for investigators to control internal and external financial losses, to monitor competitors, and to prevent industrial spying. 全球越来越紧密的经济活动需求将会增加让调查人员控制内部和外部的经济损失,监控的竞争对手,并防止工业间谍活动。More individuals are investigating care facilities, such as childcare providers, hospices, and hospitals.更多人正在调查保健设施,如儿童陪护机构、收容所和医院。

Job prospects.工作前景。Keen competition is expected for most jobs because private detective and investigator careers attract many qualified people, including relatively young retirees from law enforcement and military careers. 激烈的竞争私家侦探事业吸引很多合格调查人员,其中包括较为年轻就退休的军事和执法职业者。The best opportunities for new jobseekers will be in entry-level jobs in detective agencies. 为新求职者在入门级侦探机构提供最新的工作机会。Opportunities are expected to be favorable for qualified computer forensic investigators.侦探工作机会也非常有利于合格的计算机取证调查人员。

Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement培训、资质、提高



Most private detectives and investigators have some college education and previous experience in investigative work. 大多数私人侦探和调查人员受过高等教育,有调查研究工作经验。In the majority of States, they are required to be licensed.在大多数地区，他们必须得到政府批准。



Education and training.教育和培训

There are no formal education requirements for most private detective and investigator jobs, although many have postsecondary degrees. 要求对大多数的私人侦探调查人员进行正式的教育，虽然许多人先工作后得到大学的学位。Courses in criminal justice and police science are helpful to aspiring private detectives and investigators. 刑事司法与警察科学针对私家侦探和调查员的课程。Although related experience is usually required, some people enter the occupation directly after graduation from college, generally with an associate’s or bachelor's degree in criminal justice or police science. 虽然通常不需要进行相关工作经验,有些人进入职业大学毕业后直接成为私家侦探，一般使用刑事司法学士学位。Experience in police investigation is viewed favorably.警方的调查经验是受到赞许的。



Most corporate investigators must have a bachelor's degree, preferably in a business-related field. 大多数公司调查人员必须拥有学士学位,相关学位最好是相关领域。Some corporate investigators have a master's degree in business administration or a law degree; others are CPAs.一些公司调查人员有一个工商管理硕士学位，另一些是法律学位或注册会计师。



For computer forensics work, a computer science or accounting degree is more helpful than a criminal justice degree. 计算机取证工作中,计算机科学或会计学位好于刑事司法学位。An accounting degree provides good background knowledge for investigating computer fraud. 会计硕士学位可以提供良好的欺诈调查相关的电脑知识。Either of these two degrees provides a good starting point, after which investigative techniques can be learned on the job. 这两种提供了良好的切入点，之后就可以学到调查技术。Alternatively, many colleges and universities now offer certificate programs, requiring from 15 to 21 credits, in computer forensics. 另外,许多学院和大学现在计划提供计算机取证的证书课程,需要从15岁至21学分。These programs are most beneficial to law enforcement officers, paralegals, or others who already are involved in investigative work. 这些计划是最有利的法律执行官员,律师助理,或其他已经参与调查的工作。A few colleges and universities now offer bachelor's or master's degrees in computer forensics, and others are planning to begin offering such degrees. 一些学院和大学提供了计算机取证有关的学士或硕士学位,另一些人正计划开始提供的这些。Most computer forensic investigators learn their trade while working for a law enforcement agency, either as a sworn officer or a civilian computer forensic analyst. 大多数计算机调查人员学习他们的专业，同时争取到执法机构,不是作为文职人员或计算机取证人员。They are trained at their agency's computer forensics training program. 他们作为计算机取证部门的训练课程。Many people enter law enforcement specifically to get this training and establish a reputation before moving to the private sector.许多人进入执法机构，要得到这个训练，建立声誉后转到私人调查部门。



Most of the work of private detectives and investigators is learned on the job. 调查员大部分的工作学习在私人侦探工作上。New investigators will usually start by learning how to use databases to gather information. 新的调查人员通常会先学习如何使用数据库去收集情报。The training they receive depends on the type of firm. 到对应类型的公司。At an insurance company, a new investigator will learn to recognize insurance fraud. 在一家保险公司,一个新的调查员要学会识别保险欺诈行为。At a firm that specializes in domestic cases, a new worker might observe a senior investigator performing surveillance. Learning by doing, in which new investigators are put on cases and gain skills as they go, is a common approach. 边做边学,新的调查人员通过案例上获得技巧。Corporate investigators hired by large companies, however, may receive formal training in business practices, management structure, and various finance-related topics.公司调查人员受雇于大公司里，可以接受正规的商业训练、可以接受商业实践、管理架构等各种金融相关的话题。



Because they work with changing technologies, computer forensic investigators never stop training. 因为不断发展的计算机取证调查技术，技术人员永远不要停止学习和训练。They learn the latest methods of fraud detection and new software programs and operating systems by attending conferences and courses offered by software vendors and professional associations.他们通过参加会议和教育课程的软件供应商和职业组织学习最新的方法用于诈骗检测和新软件和操作系统。



Licensure.执业资格。Most States and the District of Columbia require private detectives and investigators to be licensed. 大多数州和地区需要私家侦探和研究人员得到批准。Licensing requirements vary, however. 批准和许可的要求不同。Seven States—Alabama, Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Mississippi, South Dakota, and Wyoming—have no Statewide licensing requirements. 7 States-Alabama,阿拉斯加,科罗拉多、爱达荷、密西西比、南达科他和Wyoming-have没有全国性的许可。Some States have few requirements, and many others have stringent regulations. 一些州有一些要求,及其它许多都有严格的规定，制定本办法。For example, the Bureau of Security and Investigative Services of the California Department of Consumer Affairs requires private investigators to be 18 years of age or older; have a combination of education in police science, criminal law, or justice and experience equaling 3 years (6,000 hours); pass a criminal history background check by the California Department of Justice and the FBI (in most States, convicted felons cannot be issued a license); and receive a qualifying score on a 2-hour written examination covering laws and regulations. 例如，加州需要私人侦探年满18岁或以上,具备在公安民警科学、刑事、或司法部门具有3年(6000小时)工作经验;要通过加利伏尼亚州司法部和联邦调查局的犯罪记录调查，(在大多数州,不能发给许可证);和接受一场2个小时的法律法规笔试成绩,获取资格。In all States, detectives and investigators who carry handguns must meet additional requirements. 在所有的州,侦探和调查人员携带手枪必须符合其他要求。Because laws change, it is important to verify the licensing laws related to private investigators with the State and locality where work will be performed.验证私人调查者相关法律的许可，每个国家和地区的情况有所不同。



There are no licenses specifically for computer forensic investigators, but some States require them to be licensed private investigators. 没有专门针对计算机取证调查人员的许可证，有些州要求政府立案，私立调查人员工作。Even where licensure is not required, a private investigator license is useful to some because it allows them to perform followup or related tasks.即使执业资格并不是必需的,一个私家侦探许可证更有利一些，它允许他们进行后续或相关工作。



Other qualifications.其他资格。

Private detectives and investigators typically have previous experience in other occupations.私家侦探和调查员通常有其它行业经验。Some have worked in other occupations for insurance or collections companies, in the private security industry, or as paralegals. 一些曾在其他的保险机构和公司采用的，在私人侦探行业或作为助理。Many investigators enter the field after serving in law enforcement, the military, government auditing and investigative positions, or Federal intelligence jobs. 许多研究人员加入这个行业，在工作期间已在做法律执行、军事、政府审计研究和联邦情报工作。Former law enforcement officers, military investigators, and government agents, who frequently are able to retire after 25 years of service, often become private detectives or investigators in a second career. 前执法人员、军事调查人员和政府代理,他们经常能在25年的退休后而成为私家侦探、侦查人员作为第二份工作。Others enter from jobs in finance, accounting, commercial credit, investigative reporting, insurance, and law. 其他一些以往的工作是其他财务、会计、税务、商业信用、调查报告、保险和法律。These individuals often can apply their previous work experience in a related investigative specialty.这些人往往会有相关的调查专业工作经验。



For private detective and investigator jobs, most employers look for individuals with ingenuity, persistence, and assertiveness. 私人侦探和调查人员的工作,大多数雇主看重的是个人创造力、毅力和自信。A candidate must not be afraid of confrontation, should communicate well, and should be able to think on his or her feet. 一个候选人必须不要怕对抗，应该有很好的沟通能力,应该可以认为有关他或她的立足之地。Good interviewing and interrogation skills also are important and usually are acquired in earlier careers in law enforcement or other fields. 良好的面试和应答能力是很重要的，通常出于在早期的职业执法或其它领域的应用。Because the courts often are the judge of a properly conducted investigation, the investigator must be able to present the facts in a manner that a jury will believe. 往往法庭审判一个正当方式开展的调查，研究人员必须能够呈现真相，陪审团才会相信。The screening process for potential employees typically includes a background check for a criminal history.对应聘员工的筛选过程通常包括背景调查和犯罪记录。



Certification and advancement.认证和进步

Some investigators receive certification from a professional organization to demonstrate competency in a field. 有些研究人员通过获得专业机构的认证在这个领域进行展示自己。For example, the National Association of Legal Investigators confers the Certified Legal Investigator designation upon licensed investigators who devote a majority of their practice to negligence or criminal defense investigations. 例如,全国房地产经纪人协会认证的法律调查人员予以赋权的法律调查人员，指定授权调查人员在投入大部分实践进行刑事辩护调查。To receive the designation, applicants must have 5 years of investigations experience. 接受认定，申请人须具有5年的调查经验。They also must satisfy educational requirements and continuing-training requirements and must pass written and oral exams.他们也必须满足相关的教育程度要求和continuing-training要求,必须通过口头和书面考试。



ASIS International, a trade organization for the security industry, offers the Professional Certified Investigator certification. 亚洲国际贸易组织,提供证券业的专业认证的调查人员认证。To qualify, applicants must have a high school diploma or the equivalent; must have 5 years of investigations experience, including 2 years managing investigations; and must pass an exam.为了安全,申请人必须有高中毕业证或同等学历;必须有5年的调查经验,其中两年的管理研究经验,并且必须通过考试。



Most private detective agencies are small, with little room for advancement. 大多数私人侦探机构规模小,从一个小办公室起步。Usually, there are no defined ranks or steps, so advancement takes the form of increases in salary and assignment status. 通常,没有定义调查公司等级和步骤。Many detectives and investigators start their own firms after gaining a few years of experience. Corporate and legal investigators may rise to supervisor or manager of the security or investigations department.



Employment就业

Private detectives and investigators held about 45,500 jobs in 2008. 在2008年有私家侦探和侦查人员的45,500个工作。About 21 percent were self-employed, including many for whom investigative work was a second job. 大约21个自由职业者,许多调查工作是第二份职业。Around 41 percent of detective and investigator jobs were in investigation and security services, including private detective agencies. 在41%的侦探和调查人员的工作为调查和安全服务,包括私人侦探机构。The rest worked mostly in State and local government, legal services firms, department or other general merchandise stores, employment services companies, insurance agencies, and credit mediation establishments, including banks and other depository institutions.其余的从业者主要是在国家和地方政府、法律服务公司、酒店或百货商店、就业服务公司、保险机构、信用调解机构,包括银行和其他保管机构。